Small molecule dcn1 inhibitors and therapeutic methods using the same

ABSTRACT

Compounds of formula (I) as inhibitors of DCN1 and compositions containing the same are disclosed. Methods of using the DCN1 inhibitors in the treatment of diseases and conditions wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit, like oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, neurodegenerative diseases and conditions, metabolic disorders, and muscular nerve degeneration, also are disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/477,498, filed Mar. 28, 2017, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to small molecule DCN1 inhibitors and to therapeutic methods of treating conditions and diseases wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The regulated destruction of intracellular proteins is controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) via tagging the ubiquitin on the proteins, and is essential to cellular protein homeostasis (1,2). The UPS has been extensively pursued as a drug target (3,4), with two proteasome inhibitors, Bortezomib and Carfilzomib, having been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma (5-7).

The Cullin-Ring ligases (CRL), a central component of the UPS, regulate the turnover of approximately 20% of cellular proteins, and the dysregulation of CRLs plays a critical role in various human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and viral infections (8-11). The activity of CRLs is controlled by NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8), a ubiquitin-like protein (9,10,12). Analogous to the process of ubiquitination, neddylation is a process by which the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 is conjugated to its target proteins.

The neddylation cascade begins with the activation of NEDD8 by an E1 enzyme, the NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE), followed by transfer of the activated NEDD8 to one of two NEDD8-specific E2 enzymes, UBC12 and UBE2F. In the final step of this cascade, an E3 enzyme catalyzes the transfer of NEDD8 from E2 to target substrates (13). The enzymes of the NEDD8 pathway have been pursued as potential therapeutic targets (14-17) and MLN4924, an inhibitor of the E1 enzyme NAE, was shown to suppress tumor cell growth both in vitro and in vivo (18). Mechanistically, MLN4924 inhibits NAE enzymatic activity through formation of a covalent NEDD8-MLN4924 adduct, which in turn inactivates CRLs, leading to accumulation of CRL substrates (18,19). MLN4924 is currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of human cancers (20).

Schulman et al. have defined both the structural and biochemical mechanisms underlying the E1-E2-E3 cascade reaction in the NEDD8 pathway (13,21-23). Schulman et al. further demonstrated that DCN1, a scaffold-like E3 ligase, facilitates the transfer of NEDD8 from UBC12 to cullins through its interaction with UBC12 and greatly enhances the enzymatic activity of cullins (13,22,23). The co-crystal structure of the DCN1-UBC12 complex 22,23 reveals that UBC12 interacts with DCN1 through two distinct sites and the N-terminally acetylated UBC12 peptide binds to a well-defined pocket in DCN1.

To date, no small-molecule inhibitors of the DCN1-UBC12 interaction have been advanced into clinical development. Accordingly, a need still exists in the art for small molecule inhibitors of the UBC12-DCN1 protein-protein interaction, having physical and pharmacological properties that permit use of such inhibitors in a range of therapeutic applications in which modulation of the activity of cullins may have a therapeutic benefit.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to small-molecule inhibitors designed to bind to the UBC12 binding site in DCN1 (hereafter called DCN1 inhibitors), to compositions comprising the inhibitors, and to methods of using the inhibitors in a therapeutic treatment of conditions and diseases wherein inhibition of the UBC12 binding site in DCN1 provides a benefit. In particularly, the present compounds are potent inhibitors of the DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction. The inhibitors block neddylation of cullin 3. The inhibitors also block neddylation of other cullins, although at higher concentrations than those used for inhibition of the neddylation of cullin 3.

More particularly, the present invention is directed to compounds having a structural formula (I), wherein

Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂;

Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a polycyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes;

A is CHR₈CH₂R₉, COR₁₃, CHR₈CONR₁₄R₁₅, CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₄R₁₅ or CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₆CHR₁₈CONR₁₄R₁₅;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylmethylene, substituted cycloalkyl, NR₃R₄, and OR₅;

R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halogens, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄;

R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclyl, alkaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, acyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclyl, alkaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, lower acyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═O, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, S(O)_(x), or NR₅;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkynyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl. alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, bicycloalkyl and alkyl-bicycloalkyl;

R₉ is NR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅CONR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅COR₁₂, NR₅SO₂R₁₂, OR₁₂, or S(O)_(x)R₁₂,

R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-cycloalkyl. alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, alkylheteroaryl, acyl, acyl-cycloalkyl, acyl-heterocyclo, acyl-heterocyclo-heterocyclo, acyl-aryl, acyl-aryl-heterocyclyl, acyl-heterocyclo-aryl. acyl-heteroaryl, acyl-heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, acyl-heterocyclo-heteroaryl, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are taken with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally including any chemically stable combination of up to two of O, C═O NR₅ and S(O)_(x);

R₁₃ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkenylaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, with these groups optionally substituted with up to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylS(O)_(x), aminoacyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclo(carbonyl), aryl, aroyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaroyl;

R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-heterocyclo, aminoalkyl, alkylamino-alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, heterocyclo-heterocyclyl, heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x);

R₁₆ is H or alkyl:

R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids, alkylidenyl-NR₃R₄, or an R₁₆ may be taken in conjunction with either R₁₇ or R₁₈ to form a proline, or 3-hydroxyproline residue.

x is 0, 1, or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a condition or disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) to an individual in need thereof. The disease or condition of interest is treatable by inhibition of DCN1, for example, an oxidative stress-related disease or a neurodegenerative disease.

Another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a composition comprising (a) a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) and (b) an excipient and/or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier useful in treating diseases or conditions wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit.

Another embodiment of the present invention is to utilize a composition comprising a compound of structural formula (I) and an optional second therapeutically active agent in a method of treating an individual for a disease or condition wherein inhibition of DCN provides a benefit.

In a further embodiment, the invention provides for use of a composition comprising a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) and an optional second therapeutic agent for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease or condition of interest, e.g., a cancer.

Still another embodiment of the present invention is to provide a kit for human pharmaceutical use comprising (a) a container, (b1) a packaged composition comprising a DCN inhibitor of structural formula (I), and, optionally, (b2) a packaged composition comprising a second therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of a disease or condition of interest, and (c) a package insert containing directions for use of the composition or compositions, administered simultaneously or sequentially, in the treatment of the disease or condition.

Another embodiment is a method of blocking an interaction between DCN1 and its binding partners, including, but not limited to, UBC12 and UBC2E, in cells comprising contacting the cells with a compound of structural formula (I).

In other embodiments, blocking the interaction between DCN1 and its binding partners in cells by contacting the cells with a compound of structural formula (I) leads to one or more of (a) selective inhibition of cullin 3 activity; (b) accumulation of protein substrates of cullin 3; (c) upregulation of NRF2, a known cullin 3 substrate; (d) modulation of a set of genes regulated by NRF2; (e) a therapeutic benefit in human diseases or conditions by modulation of the activity of cullin 3; and (f) a therapeutic benefit in human diseases or conditions by modulation of the activity of NRF2.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows that Example 58 (DI-591) selectively and dose-dependently inhibits the neddylation of cullin 3, and induces upregulation of cullin 3-dependent NRF2 and NRF2-regulated proteins in liver cells. Immortalized THLE2 liver cell line was treated by a dose-range of DCN1 inhibitor Example 58 or a dose-range of MLN4924 for 24 h. The protein levels of neddylated- and un-neddylated-cullin family proteins and several well-known substrates of cullins were examined by western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a loading control.

FIG. 2 shows that Example 58 (DI-591) rapidly inhibits the neddylation of cullin 3 and has little effect on the neddylation of cullin 1. THLE2 liver cell line was treated by Example 58 at 10 μM or MLN4924 at 0.3 μM for 5 minutes (5 m), 30 minutes (30 m), 2 hours (2 h) and 24 hours (24 h).

FIG. 3 provides western blot analyses, which showed the effect of Example 58 (DI-591) on NRF2 and NQ01 with dimethyl fumarate, a known NRF2 inhibitor, as a positive control and Example 123 as an inactive control. GAPDH was used as a loading control. DI-591 and Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), but not DI-591DD, stimulates the accumulation of NRF2 and NQ01 in liver cells. THLE2 liver cell line was treated by DI-591 at 10 μM, DI-591DD at 10 μM or DMF at 10 μM for different time points.

FIG. 4 provides qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of NRF2 and NRF2-regulated genes in the THLE2 liver cell line. The data showed that Example 58 (DI-591) has no effect on mRNA level of NRF2 and upregulates of NRF2-regulated genes. THLE2 liver cell line was treated by DI-591 at 10 μM, DI-591DD at 10 μM or DMSO for different time points. The relative mRNA levels of NRF2, NQ01 and HO-1 were examined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is described in connection with preferred embodiments. However, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. It is understood that, given the description of the embodiments of the invention herein, various modifications can be made by a person skilled in the art. Such modifications are encompassed by the claims below.

The term “DCN1” as used herein means a protein that functions as a Scaffold-Type E3 Ligase for cullin neddylation.

The term “a disease or condition wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit” pertains to a condition in which DCN1, and/or an action of DCN1, is important or necessary, e.g., for the onset, progress, expression of that disease or condition, or a disease or a condition which is known to be treated by a DCN1 inhibition. An example of such a condition includes, but is not limited to, an oxidative stress-related disease, a neurodegenerative disease, cancer, a cardiovascular disease, or tissue regeneration. One of ordinary skill in the art is readily able to determine whether a compound treats a disease or condition mediated by DCN1 for any particular cell type, for example, by assays which conveniently can be used to assess the activity of particular compounds.

The term “second therapeutic agent” refers to a therapeutic agent different from a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) and that is known to treat the disease or condition of interest. For example when a cancer is the disease or condition of interest, the second therapeutic agent can be a known chemotherapeutic drug, like taxol, or radiation, for example.

The term “disease” or “condition” denotes disturbances and/or anomalies that as a rule are regarded as being pathological conditions or functions, and that can manifest themselves in the form of particular signs, symptoms, and/or malfunctions. As demonstrated below, compounds of structural formula (I) are potent inhibitors of DCN1 and can be used in treating diseases and conditions wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” and the like refer to eliminating, reducing, or ameliorating a disease or condition, and/or symptoms associated therewith. Although not precluded, treating a disease or condition does not require that the disease, condition, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” and the like may include “prophylactic treatment,” which refers to reducing the probability of redeveloping a disease or condition, or of a recurrence of a previously-controlled disease or condition, in a subject who does not have, but is at risk of or is susceptible to, redeveloping a disease or condition or a recurrence of the disease or condition. The term “treat” and synonyms contemplate administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) to an individual in need of such treatment.

Within the meaning of the invention, “treatment” includes the treatment of acute or chronic signs, symptoms, and/or malfunctions. The treatment can be orientated symptomatically, for example, to suppress symptoms. It can be effected over a short period, be oriented over a medium term, or can be a long-term treatment, for example within the context of a maintenance therapy.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” or “effective dose” as used herein refers to an amount of the active ingredient(s) that is(are) sufficient, when administered by a method of the invention, to efficaciously deliver the active ingredient(s) for the treatment of condition or disease of interest to an individual in need thereof. In the case of a cancer or other oxidative stress-related disorder, the therapeutically effective amount of the agent may reduce (i.e., retard to some extent and preferably stop) unwanted cellular proliferation; reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., retard to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., retard to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; reduce DCN1 interactions in the target cells; and/or relieve, to some extent, one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer. To the extent the administered compound or composition prevents growth and/or kills existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic.

The term “container” means any receptacle and closure therefor suitable for storing, shipping, dispensing, and/or handling a pharmaceutical product.

The term “insert” means information accompanying a pharmaceutical product that provides a description of how to administer the product, along with the safety and efficacy data required to allow the physician, pharmacist, and patient to make an informed decision regarding use of the product. The package insert generally is regarded as the “label” for a pharmaceutical product.

“Concurrent administration,” “administered in combination,” “simultaneous administration,” and similar phrases mean that two or more agents are administered concurrently to the subject being treated. By “concurrently,” it is meant that each agent is administered either simultaneously or sequentially in any order at different points in time. However, if not administered simultaneously, it is meant that they are administered to an individual in a sequence and sufficiently close in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect and can act in concert. For example, a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) can be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order at different points in time as a second therapeutic agent. A present DCN1 inhibitor and the second therapeutic agent can be administered separately, in any appropriate form and by any suitable route. When a present DCN1 inhibitor and the second therapeutic agent are not administered concurrently, it is understood that they can be administered in any order to a subject in need thereof. For example, a present DCN1 inhibitor can be administered prior to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks before), concomitantly with, or subsequent to (e.g., 5 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 8 weeks, or 12 weeks after) the administration of a second therapeutic agent treatment modality (e.g., radiotherapy), to an individual in need thereof. In various embodiments, a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent are administered 1 minute apart, 10 minutes apart, 30 minutes apart, less than 1 hour apart, 1 hour apart, 1 hour to 2 hours apart, 2 hours to 3 hours apart, 3 hours to 4 hours apart, 4 hours to 5 hours apart, 5 hours to 6 hours apart, 6 hours to 7 hours apart, 7 hours to 8 hours apart, 8 hours to 9 hours apart, 9 hours to 10 hours apart, 10 hours to 11 hours apart, 11 hours to 12 hours apart, no more than 24 hours apart or no more than 48 hours apart. In one embodiment, the components of the combination therapies are administered at 1 minute to 24 hours apart.

The use of the terms “a”, “an”, “the”, and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated. Recitation of ranges of values herein are intended to merely serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended to better illustrate the invention and is not a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

To date, most small-molecule modulators targeting UPS components contain a chemically reactive group and act as covalent inhibitors. These include FDA-approved Bortezomib (5,6), Carfilzomib (7), and dimethyl fumarate (38), and MLN4924 (18), RTA402 and RTA408 (39-41), which currently are in clinical development.

The present invention targets the DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction as a strategy for modulation of protein turnover. DCN1 is a component of neddylation E3 ligase and plays a role in modulation of the activity of cullins. The co-crystal structure of DCN1 complexed with UBC12 revealed that the UBC12 peptide-binding pocket in DCN1 could accommodate a small-molecule inhibitor for blocking the DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction. The present invention therefore is directed to a new class of potent inhibitors of the DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction.

Recent evidence suggests that the dysfunction of cullin 3 is associated with various human diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer (42-44). Modulation of cullin 3 therefore can have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of human diseases. Compared to the global inhibition of neddylation of all cullins by MLN4924, a compound of structural formula (I) is a selective inhibitor of the neddylation of cellular CUL3. A compound of structural formula (I) increases the level of NRF2 protein, a well known substrate of cullin 3, leading to upregulation of two detoxification enzymes NQ01 and HO1. In comparison, MLN4924, a NAE inhibitor, globally increases the abundance of all cullin-targeted proteins examined. Therefore, compounds of structural formula (I) serves as excellent chemical probes for a study of cullin 3 and its role in different biological processes and human diseases.

As the master regulator of antioxidant responses, NRF2 regulates about 200 genes involved in cytoprotection, lipid metabolism, and gene transcription. Activation of NRF2 can have a therapeutic benefit against various oxidative stress-related diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, autoimmune disease, and inflammation (36,45,46,47). One NRF2 inducer, dimethyl fumarate, has recently been approved by the FDA as first-line therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) (38). Another series of NRF2 inducers under clinical development are synthetic derivatives of oleanoic acid (39,40). A common mechanism of these compounds is that they are covalent modulators targeting Keapl. In comparison, a compound of structural formula (I) activates NRF2 by blocking the DCN1-UBC12 protein-protein interaction and selectively inhibiting the activity of cullin 3, thus engaging a different mechanism of action. The DCN1 inhibitors of the present invention therefore are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions in subjects in need of such treatment.

The present invention is directed to compounds having a structural formula (I).

wherein

Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂;

Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a polycyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes;

A is CHR₈CH₂R₉, COR₁₃, CHR₈CONR₁₄R₁₅, CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₄R₁₅ or CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₆CHR₁₈CONR₁₄R₁₅;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylmethylene, substituted cycloalkyl, NR₃R₄, and OR₅;

R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄;

R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclyl, alkaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, acyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclyl, alkaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, lower acyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, S(O)_(x), or NR₅;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkynyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl. alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, bicycloalkyl and alkyl-bicycloalkyl;

R₉ is NR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅CONR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅COR₁₂, NR₅SO₂R₁₂, OR₁₂, or S(O)_(x)R₁₂,

R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-cycloalkyl. alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, alkylheteroaryl, acyl, acyl-cycloalkyl, acyl-heterocyclo, acyl-heterocyclo-heterocyclo, acyl-aryl, acyl-aryl-heterocyclyl, acyl-heterocyclo-aryl. acyl-heteroaryl, acyl-heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, acyl-heterocyclo-heteroaryl, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are taken with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally including any chemically stable combination of up to two of O, C═O NR₅ and S(O)_(x);

R₁₃ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkenylaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, with these groups optionally substituted with up to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylS(O)_(x), aminoacyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclo(carbonyl), aryl, aroyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaroyl;

R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-heterocyclo, aminoalkyl, alkylamino-alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, heterocyclo-heterocyclyl, heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x);

R₁₆ is H or alkyl:

R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids, alkylidenyl-NR₃R₄, or an R₁₆ may be taken in conjunction with either R₁₇ or R₁₈ to form a proline, or 3-hydroxyproline residue.

x is 0, 1, or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the compounds are of formula (II) wherein;

Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂;

Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl;

R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄;

R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl and C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl;

R₉ is NR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅CONR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅COR₁₂, NR₅SO₂R₁₂, OR₁₂, or S(O)_(x)R₁₂,

R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₁₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ acyl-aryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are taken with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally including any chemically stable combination of up to three of O, C═O NR₅ and S(O)_(x);

x is 0, 1, or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the compounds are of formula (III)

wherein;

Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂;

Ar_(t) is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl;

R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄;

R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═O, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅;

R₁₃ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenylaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenylheteroaryl, with these groups optionally substituted with up to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylS(O)_(x), C₁₋₆ aminoacyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, sulfonamido, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo(carbonyl), aryl, aroyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaroyl;

x is 0, 1, or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the compounds are of formula (IV)

wherein;

Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂;

Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl;

R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄;

R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅;

R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl and C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl;

R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₂ alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x);

x is 0, 1, or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

In a particular embodiment of the invention, the compounds are of formula (V) or (VI)

wherein;

Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂;

Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes;

R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl;

R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄;

R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S;

R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅;

R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₂ alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x);

R₁₆ and R′₁₆ are independently selected from H or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently the side chain of an naturally occurring amino acid, C₁₋₆ alkylidenyl-NR₃R₄, or an R₁₆ may be taken in conjunction either with R₁₇ or R₁₈ to form a proline, or 3-hydroxyproline residue;

x is 0, 1, or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

In some preferred embodiments, Ar₁ can be, but is not limited to,

The above examples illustrate embodiments having a single R₂ substituent, it is understood that Ar₁ groups can be free of an R₂ substituent or contain one to four R₂ substituents.

In some embodiments, R₁ can be, but is not limited to,

In some embodiments, R₈ can be, but is not limited to

In some embodiments, R₉ can be, but is not limited to

In some embodiments, R₁₄ or R₁₅ can be, but is not limited to,

In some embodiments, R₁₆ can be, but is not limited to,

In preferred embodiments in a compound of Formula (1):

Ar₁ is selected from 2-benzothienyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-benzoxazolyl, 2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl or 4-methyl-5-(3-halophenyl)thiazol-2-yl, wherein there are one or R₂ substituents on the B-ring of the bicycle, selected from the group chloro, bromo. methyl, CF₃, methyl ethyl isopropyl and cyclopropyl.

R₁ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, methylamino and methoxy.

R₆ and R₇ are jointly formed C(═O) or CH2.

R₈ is selected from [S]-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridylmethylene, and trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexylmethylenyl.

For preferred compounds of Formula (Va) one of R₁₄ and R₁₅ is selected from H, and the other from tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl, 3,4-dihydrobenzopyran-4-yl, leucinamido, diphenylmethyl, tetralin-4-yl, 5- or 7-chlorotetrahydropyranyl.

In preferred embodiments wherein compounds are of Formula (II):

Ar₁ is benzothiazol-2-yl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-2-yl, or 5-phenylthiazol-2-yl or 2-naphthyl.

R₁ is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl or methylamino.

Wherein there are one or R₂ substituents on the B-ring of the bicycle, selected from the group chloro, bromo. methyl, CF₃, methyl ethyl isopropyl and cyclopropyl.

R₆ and R₇ are taken together as ═O or CH₂.

R₈ is cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, [S]-2-butyl, benzyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, cyclohexylmethyl.

R₉ is hydroxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, 1-morpholino, 2-(1-morpholino)ethoxy, 2-(1-morpholino)acetamido, 3-(1-morpholino)propanamido, 4-(1-morpholino)butanamido, 3-(1-morpholino)-iso-butanamido, piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(oxetan-3-yl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-prop-2-ylpiperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(2-fluoroethyl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, piperidin-4-ylureido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylureido, piperidin-4-ylsulfonamido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylsulfonamido, azetindin-3-ylcarboxamido, (N-methylazetindin-3-yl)carboxamido, 1,2,4-triazol-3-ylcarboxamido, 5-hydroxymethyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylcarboxamido, 5-aminomethyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylcarboxamido, imadaz-4-ylcarboxamido, N-methylimadaz-4-ylcarboxamido, pyrid-4-ylcarboxamido, pyrimid-4-ylcarboxamido.

The compounds of formula (I) inhibit DCN1 and are useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions. In particular, the compounds of structural formula (I) are used in methods of treating a disease or condition wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit, for example, oxidative stress-related disease, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, acute lung injury, autoimmune diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, and multiple sclerosis. The method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) to an individual in need thereof. The present methods also encompass administering a second therapeutic agent to the individual in addition to the compound of structural formula (I). The second therapeutic agent is selected from drugs known as useful in treating the disease or condition afflicting the individual in need thereof, e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent and/or radiation known as useful in treating a particular cancer.

As used herein, the term “halo” is defined as encompassing fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.

The term “hydroxy” is defined as —OH.

The term “alkoxy” is defined as —OR, wherein R is alkyl.

The term “amino” is defined as —NH₂, and the term “alkylamino” and “dialkylamino” are defined as —NR₂, wherein at least one R is alkyl and the second R is alkyl or hydrogen.

The term “nitro” is defined as —NO₂.

The term “cyano” is defined as —CN.

The term “trifluoromethyl” is defined as CF₃.

The term “trifluoromethoxy” is defined as OCF₃.

The term “azido” is defined as —N₃.

The term “carboxyl” is defined as —CO₂R, where R is H or alkyl.

The term “carbamoyl” is defined as —CON(R)₂, wherein R, independently, is H or alkyl.

The term “alkylthio” is defined as —SR, wherein R is alkyl.

The term “alkylsulfinyl” is defined as —S(O)R, wherein R is alkyl.

The term “alkylsulfonyl” is defined as —S(O₂)R, wherein R is alkyl.

The term “alkylsulfonamido” is defined as —S(O₂)NHR, wherein R is alkyl.

The term “alkylsulfamoyl” is defined as —NHS(O₂)R, wherein R is alkyl.

The term “allyl” is defined as CH₂═CHCH₂—.

The term “proparyl” is defined as CH═CCH₂—.

As used herein, groups such as

is an abbreviation for

is an abbreviation for

Lower alkyl is C₁₋₆alkyl, either straight chain or branched. Examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl i-propyl, n-butyl, [R]- or [S]-isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, [R]- or [S]-2-pentyl, 3 pentyl, [R]- or [S]-3-methylbut-2-yl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-hexyl, [R]- or [S]-2-hexyl, [R]- or [S]-3-hexyl, [R]- or [S]-2-methylpent-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-2-methylpent-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-4-methylpent-2-yl, 2-methylpent-2-yl, [RR]-, [RS]-, [SR]- or [SS]-3-methylpent-2-yl, [R]- or [S]-3-methylpent-1-yl, 4-methylpent-1-yl, 2-methylpent-2-yl, 3-methylpent-3-yl, 2,2-dimethylbut-1-yl, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-3,3-dimethylbut-2-yl, or [R]- or [S]-2,3-dimethylbut-1-yl, 2,3-dimethylbut-2-yl.

Lower alkenyl is C₂₋₆alkenyl, either straight chain or branched. Examples include ethenyl, prop-1-en-1-yl, prop-1-en-2-yl, prop-2-en-1-yl, E- and Z-but-1-en-1-yl, E- or Z-but-2-en-1-yl, but-3-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-but-3-en-2-yl, E- or Z-but-2-en-2-yl, 2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl, 2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl, E- or Z-pent-1-en-1-yl, E- or Z-pent-2-en-1-yl, E- or Z-pent-2-en-2-yl, E- or Z-pent-2-en-3-yl, E- or Z-pent-3-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-E- or [R]- or [S]—Z-pent-3-en-2-yl, pent-4-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-pent-1-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-pent-4-en-2-yl, E- or Z-2-methylbut-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S}-2-methylbut-3-en-1-yl, 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl, 3-methylbut-1-en-2-yl, [R]- or [S}-3-methylbut-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S}-2-methylbut-2-en-1-yl, 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl, 3-methylbut-2-en-2-yl, [R]- or [S}-3-methylbut-3-en-2-yl, 3-methylbut-3-en-1-yl, 2-ethylprop-2-en-1-yl, E- or Z-hex-1-en-1-yl, hex-1-en-2-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-1-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-5-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-5-en-2-yl, hex-5-en-1-yl, E- or Z-hex-2-en-1-yl, E- or Z-hex-2-en-2-yl, E- or Z-hex-2-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-E- or [R]- or [S]—Z-hex-4-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-E- or [R]- or [S]—Z-hex-4-en-2-yl, E- or Z-hex-4-en-1-yl, E- or Z-hex-3-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-E- or [R]- or [S]—Z-hex-3-en-2-yl, E- or Z-hex-3-en-3-yl, E- or Z-2-methylpent-1-en-1-yl, 2-propylprop-2-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S}-2-methylpent-1-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S}-4-methylpent-4-en-2-yl, 4-methylpent-4-en-1-yl, E- or Z-2-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, 2-methylpent-2-en-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-4-methylpent-3-en-2-yl, 4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-E- or [R]- or [S]—Z-2-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, E- or Z-2-methylpent-3-en-2-yl, E- or Z-2-methylpent-3-en-3-yl, E- or Z-4-methylpent-2-en-2-yl, E- or Z-4-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-2-methylpent-4-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-4-methylpent-1-en-3-yl, E- or Z-4-methylpent-1-en-1-yl, 2-methylpent-4-en-2-yl, 4-methylpent-1-en-2-yl, E- or Z-3,3-dimethylbut-1-en-1-yl, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-en-2-yl, 2,2-dimethylbut-3-en-1-yl, E- or Z-2,3-dimethylbut-1-en-1-yl, 2,3-dimethylbut-3-en-2-yl, [R]- or [S]-2,3-dimethylbut-3-en-1-yl, 2-(1methylethyl)prop-2-en-1-yl, or 2,3-dimethylbut-2-en-1-yl.

Lower alkynyl is C₂₋₆alkynyl, either straight chain or branched. Examples include ethylnyl, prop-1-yn-1-yl, prop-2-yn-1-yl, but-1-yn-1-yl, but-2-yn-1-yl, but-3-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-but-3-yn-2-yl, 3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl, 2-methylbut-3-yn-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-2-methylbut-3-yn-1-yl, hex-1-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-1-yn-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-5-yn-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-5-yn-2-yl, hex-5-yn-1-yl, hex-2-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-4-yn-3-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-4-yn-2-yl, hex-4-yn-1-yl, hex-3-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-hex-3-yn-2-yl, 4-methylpent-1-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-4-methylpent-1-yn-3-yl, 2-methylpent-4-yn-2-yl, [R]- or [S]-2-methylpent-4-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-3-methylpent-1-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-3-methylpent-1-yn-3-yl, [RR]-, [RS]-, [SR]- or [SS]-3-methylpent-4-yn-2-yl, [R]- or [S]-3-methylpent-4-yn-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-2-ethylbut-3-yn-1-yl, 3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl, or 3,3-dimethylbut-3-yn-1-yl.

Lower cycloalkyl is C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl. Examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.

Lower cycloalkenyl is C₄₋₈ cycloalkenyl. Examples include cyclobut-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclobut-2-en-1-yl, cyclopent-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclopent-2-en-1-yl, cyclopent-3-en-1-yl, cyclohex-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclohex-2-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclohex-3-en-1-yl, cyclohept-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclohept-2-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclohept-3-en-1-yl, cyclohept-4-en-1-yl, cyclooct-1-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclooct-2-en-1-yl, [R]- or [S]-cyclooct-3-en-1-yl, and [R]- or [S]-cyclooct-4-en-1-yl,

Heterocyclo defines rings of four to eight atoms which contain between one and three heteroatoms, chosen from O, NR₅ and S(O)_(x), with the proviso that the species obey the valence laws, and be chemically stable. Rings may be linked at any position allowed by the valence laws, including N, N⁺ and S^(IV) or S^(VI) heteroatoms. Representative examples include azetidine, oxetane, thietane, oxolane, pyrrolidine, thiolane, piperidine, oxane, thiane, azepane, oxapane, azocane, oxacane, thiacane, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, 1,3-dioxolane, 1,2-dithiolane, 1,3-dithiolane, 1,2-diazinane, 1,3-diazinane, piperazine, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dithiane, 1,3-dithiane, 1,4-dithiane, 1,2-diazepane, 1,3-diazepane, 1,4-diazepane, 1,3-dioxepane, 1,4-dioxepane, 1,2-dithiepane, 1,3-dithiepane, 1,4-dithiepane, 1,2-diazocane, 1,3-diazocane, 1,4-diazocane, 1,5-diazocane, 1,3-dioxocane, 1,4-dioxocane, 1,5-dioxocane, 1,2-dithiocane, 1,3-dithiocane, 1,4-dithiocane, 1,5-dithiocane, 1,2-oxazolidine, 1,3-oxazolidine, 1,3-thiazolidine, 1,3-oxathialane, 1,2-oxazane, 1,3-oxazane, morpholine, 1,3-thiazane, thiomorpholine, 1,3-oxathiane, 1,4-oxathiane, 1,2-oxazepane, 1,3-oxazepane, 1,4-oxazepane, 1,3-oxathiepane, 1,4-oxathiepane, 1,3-thiazepane, 1,4-thiazepane, 1,2-oxazocane, 1,3-oxazocane, 1,4-oxazocane, 1,5-oxazocane, 1,3-oxathiocane, 1,4-oxathiocane, 1,5-oxathiocane, 1,3-thiazocane, 1,4-thiazocane, 1,5-thiazocane, 1,2,5-triazepane, 1,4,5-oxadiazepane, 1,2,5-oxadiazepane, 1,4,5-dioxazepane, 1,4,5-thiadiazepane, 1,2,5-triazocane, 1,4,5-oxadiazocane, 1,2,5-oxadiazocane, 1,2,6-oxadiazocane, 1,4,8-dioxazocane, 1,5,8-dioxazocane, 1,3,6-dioxazocane, 1,3,6-oxathiazocane, 1,4,5-oxathiazocane, 1,5,6-oxathiazocane, 1,4,5-oxadiazocane, 1,3,6-dioxathiocane, 1,3,7-dioxathiocane, 1,3,6-oxadithiocane, 1,4,7-oxadithiocane, 1,3,6-oxadithiocane, 1,3,6-trithiocane, 1,2-thiazolane-1,1,dioxide, 1,2,5-thiadiazolane-1,1,dioxide, 1,2-thiazinane-1,1,dioxide, 1,2,6-thiadiazinane-1,1,dioxide, 1,4-dithiane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4-dithiane-1,1,4,4-tetroxide, 1,4-oxathiane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4-thiazinane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4-oxathiepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,2-thiazepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4-thiazepane1,1-dioxide, 1,4-dithiepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4-dithiepane-1,1,4,4-tetroxide, 1,2,5-thiadiazepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,2,7-thiadiazepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,7-oxathiazepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,7-dithiazepane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,7-dithiazepane-1,1,4,4-tetroxide, 1,4-dithiocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,5-dithiocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4-dithiocane-1,1,4,4-tetroxide, 1,5-dithiocane-1,1,5,5-tetroxide, 1,4,8-oxathiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,5,8-oxathiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,5-oxathiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,5,6-oxathiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,8-thiadiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,5,8-thiadiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,5-thiadiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,2,8-thiadiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,3,6-oxadithiocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,3,6-oxadithiocane-1,1,3,3-tetroxide, 1,3,6-dithiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,3,6-dithiazocane-1,1,3,3-tetroxide, 1,3,8-dithiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,3,8-dithiazocane-1,1,3,3-tetroxide, 1,4,8-dithiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,4,8-dithiazocane-1,1,4,4-tetroxide, 1,5,2-dithiazocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,5,2-dithiazocane-1,1,5,5-tetroxide, 1,3,6-trithiocane-6,6-dioxide, 1,3,6-trithiocane-1,1-dioxide, 1,3,6-trithiocane-1,1,3,3-tetroxide, 1,3,6-trithiocane-1,1,6,6-tetroxide, and 1,3,6-trithiocane-1,1,3,3,6,6-hexoxide.

Bicycloalkyl is bicyclic structures of 5-12 carbon atoms, the two rings of which may be have fused, bridged, or spiro junctions. All chemically feasible diastereoisomers and enantiomers are included in the definition, as illustrated for bicyclo[2.1.0]pentyl below, where the point of attachment is marked by 1.

Heterobicyclo includes the structures defined for bicycloalkyl, where between one and four carbon atoms have been replaced with heteroatoms, chosen from O, NR₅ and S(O)_(x), with the proviso that the species obey the valence laws, and be chemically stable, and with the further proviso that no heteroatoms are placed in three membered rings, or more than one heteroatom is placed in a four membered ring, unless explicitly stated. Rings may be linked at any position allowed by the valence laws, including N, N⁺ and S^(IV) or S^(VI) heteroatoms.

Aryl is phenyl, indenyl, indenyl, naphthyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, all of which may be optionally substituted with up to four substituents independently chosen from, halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, OH, lower alkoxy, lower acyloxy, amino, lower acylamino, lower alkylamino, lower dialkylamino, lower S(O)_(x)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, carbaldehyde, carboxy, lower carboxyalkyl, carboxamido, lower carboxamidoalkyl, and lower carboxamidodialkyl,

Heteroaryl is pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, furan, oxazole, isoxazole, thiophene, thiazole, isothiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-thiadiazole,1,2,4-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, or 1,2,4,5-tetrazine.

Polycycloheteroaryl is a fused bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring system of 8 to 12 atoms, at least one of which but not more than five (for bicycles), or seven (for tricycles) must O, N, NR, or S. Such polycyciic rings may include pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrrole, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyrrole, pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole, pyrrolo[2,3-b]furan, pyrrolo[3,2-b]furan, pyrrolo[3,4-b]furan, pyrrolo[2,3-c]furan, pyrrolo[3,4-c]furan, pyrrolo[2,3-b]thiophene, pyrrolo[3,4-b]thiophene, pyrrolo[3,2-b]thiophene, pyrrolo[2,3-c] thiophene, pyrrolo[3,4-c] thiophene, furano[2,3-b]furan, furano[3,2-b]furan, furano[2,3-c]furan, furano[3,4-c]furan, furano[2,3-b]thiophene, furano[3,4-b]thiophene, furano[3,2-b]thiophene, furano[2,3-c] thiophene, furano[3,4-c] thiophene, thieno[2,3-b]thiophene, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, thieno[2,3-c]thiophene, thieno[3,4-c]thiophene, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyrazole, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyrazole, pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole, furano[2,3-c]pyrazole, furano[3,2-c]pyrazole, furano[3,4-c]pyrazole,thieno[2,3-c]pyrazole, thieno[3,2-c]pyrazole, thieno[3,4-c]pyrazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]imidazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]imidazole, furano[2,3-d]imidazole, furano[3,4-d]imidazole, thieno[2,3-d]imidazole, thieno[3,4-d]imidazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]-1,2,3-triazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-triazole, furano[2,3-d]-1,2,3-triazole, furano[3,4-d]-1,2,3-triazole, thieno[2,3-d]-1,2,3-triazole, thieno[3,4-d]-1,2,3-triazole, pyrrolo[3,2-d]isoxazole, pyrrolo[2,3-c]isoxazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]isoxazole, pyrrolo[3,4-c]isoxazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]isoxazole, pyrrolo[3,2-c]isoxazole, furano[3,2-d]isoxazole, furano[2,3-c]isoxazole, furano[3,4-d]isoxazole, furano[3,4-c]isoxazole, furano[2,3-d]isoxazole, furano[3,2-c]isoxazole, thieno[3,2-d]isoxazole, thieno[2,3-c]isoxazole, thieno[3,4-d]isoxazole, thieno[3,4-c]isoxazole, thieno[2,3-d]isoxazole, thieno[3,2-c]isoxazole, pyrrolo[3,2-d]oxazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]oxazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]oxazole, furano[3,2-d]oxazole, furano[2,3-d]oxazole, furano[3,4-d]oxazole, thieno[3,2-d]oxazole, thieno[2,3-d]oxazole, thieno[3,4-d]oxazole, pyrrolo[3,2-d]isothiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-c]isothiazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]isothiazole, pyrrolo[3,4-c]isothiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]isothiazole, pyrrolo[3,2-c]isothiazole, furano[3,2-d]isothiazole, furano[2,3-c]isothiazole, furano[3,4-d]isothiazole, furano[3,4-c]isothiazole, furano[2,3-d]isothiazole, furano[3,2-c]isothiazole, thieno[3,2-d]isothiazole, thieno[2,3-c]isothiazole, thieno[3,4-d]isothiazole, thieno[3,4-c]isothiazole, thieno[2,3-d]isothiazole, thieno[3,2-c]isothiazole, pyrrolo[3,2-d]thiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]thiazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]thiazole, furano[3,2-d]thiazole, furano[2,3-d]thiazole, furano[3,4-d]thiazole, thieno[3,2-d]thiazole, thieno[2,3-d]thiazole, thieno[3,4-d]thiazole, pyrrolo[3,2-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, pyrrolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, furano[3,2-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, furano[2,3-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, furano[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, thieno[3,2-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, thieno[2,3-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, thieno[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-c]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, pyrrolo[3,4-c]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, furano[2,3-c]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, furano[3,4-c]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, thieno[2,3-c]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, thieno[3,4-c]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, pyrrolo[3,4-c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, furano[2,3-c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, furano[3,4-c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, thieno[2,3-c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, thieno[3,4-c]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyrazole, pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazole, imidazo[4,5-c]pyrazole, ipyrazolo[4,3-d]triazole, imidazo[4,5-d]triazole, pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoxazole, pyrazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole, pyrazolo[4,3-c]isoxazole, pyrazolo[3,4-d]isoxazole, pyrazolo[4,3-d]oxazole, pyrazolo[3,4-d]oxazole, imidazo[4,5-c]isoxazole, imidazo[5,4-d]isoxazole, isoxazolo[3,4-d]triazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]triazole, pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole, pyrazolo[4,3-d]isothiazole, pyrazolo[4,3-c]isothiazole, pyrazolo[3,4-d]isothiazole, pyrazolo[4,3-d]thiazole, pyrazolo[3,4-d]thiazole, imidazo[4,5-c]isothiazole, imidazo[5,4-d]isothiazole, isothiazolo[3,4-d]triazole, thiazolo[4,5-d]triazole, isoxazolo[3,4-c]isoxazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]isoxazole, isoxazolo[5,4-c]isoxazole, isoxazolo[4,3-c]isoxazole, isoxazolo[4,5-c]isoxazole, isoxazolo[5,4-d]isoxazole, isoxazolo[3,4-d]oxazole, isoxazolo[4,3-d]oxazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]oxazole, isoxazolo[5,4-d]oxazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]oxazole, oxazolo[5,4-d]oxazole, isoxazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]isothiazole, isoxazolo[5,4-c]isothiazole, isoxazolo[3,4-d]isothiazole, isoxazolo[4,3-c]isothiazole, isoxazolo[4,5-c]isothiazole, isoxazolo[3,4-d]isothiazole, isoxazolo[5,4-d]isothiazole, isoxazolo[3,4-d]thiazole, oxazolo[5,4-d]isothiazole, isoxazolo[4,3-d]thiazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]isothiazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]thiazole, oxazolo[5,4-c]isothiazole, isoxazolo[5,4-d]thiazole, oxazolo[4,5-c]isothiazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]thiazole, oxazolo[5,4-d]thiazole, isothiazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole, isothiazolo[4,5-d]isothiazole, isothiazolo[5,4-c]isothiazole, isothiazolo[4,3-c]isothiazole, isothiazolo[4,5-c]isothiazole, isothiazolo[5,4-d]isothiazole, isothiazolo[3,4-d]thiazole, isothiazolo[4,3-d]thiazole, isothiazolo[4,5-d]thiazole, isothiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole, thiazolo[4,5-d]thiazole, thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole, pyrazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, pyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isoxazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isothiazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isothiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isoxazolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isothiazolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isoxazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, isothiazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, thiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, oxazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, thiazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-thiadiazole, pyrazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, pyrazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, isoxazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, isothiazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, isoxazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, isothiazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, isothiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, isoxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, isothiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, thiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-thiadiazole, oxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, thiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,5-oxadiazole, pyrrolo[1,2-b]thiazole, imidazo[1,2-b]pyrazole, imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, imidazo[2,1-c]-1,2,4-triazole, thiazolo[2,3-c]-1,2,4-triazole, imidazo[1,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole, thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole, oxazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole, thiazolo[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole, triazolo[1,5-b]1,3,4-oxadiazole, triazolo[1,5-b] 1,3,4-thiadiazole, indole, isoindole, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, benzothiophene, isobenzothiophene, indolizine, indazole, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzoisooxazole, benzothiazole, benzoisothiazole, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, benzotriazole, benzo-1,2,5-oxadiazole benzo-1,2,3-thiadiazole, benzo-1,2,5-thiadiazole, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine, pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine, furano[2,3-b]pyridine, furano [2,3-c]pyridine, furano [3,2-c]pyridine, furano [3,2-b]pyridine, thieno[2,3-b]pyridine, thieno [2,3-c]pyridine, thieno [3,2-c]pyridine, thieno [3,2-b]pyridine, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, pyrazolo [3,4-c]pyridine, pyrazolo [4,3-c]pyridine, pyrazolo [4,3-b]pyridine, isoxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, isoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, isoxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, isothiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, isothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, isothiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, isothiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine, oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, oxazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, thiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[5,4-b]pyridine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, 1,2,5-oxadiazolo[4,5-c]pyridine, 1,2,5-oxadiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, pyrazolo[2,3-b]pyridazine, imidazo[3,4-b]pyridazine, imidazo[3,2-b]pyridazine, pyrazolo[2,3-c]pyrimidine, imidazo[3,4-c]pyrimidine, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[5,1-c]pyrazine, imidazo[5,1-c]pyrazine, imidazo[1,2-c]pyrazine, pyrazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[3,4-a]pyrimidine, imidazo[3,2-a]pyrimidine, pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine, furano[2,3-c]pyridazine, thieno[2,3-c]pyridazine, pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridazine, furano[3,2-c]pyridazine, thieno[3,2-c]pyridazine, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridazine, furano[2,3-d]pyridazine, thieno[2,3-dpyridazine, pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, furano[2,3-d]pyrimidine, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine, pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine, furano[3,2-d]pyrimidine, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine, furano[2,3-b]pyrazine, thieno[2,3-b]pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-c]pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazine, isothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridazine, isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridazine, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridazine, thiazolo[5,4-c]pyridazine, oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridazine, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, isothiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine, isoxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine, imidazo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine, oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine, isothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, isoxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, oxazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine, isothiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine, isoxazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine, imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine, thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine, oxazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-b]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[5,1-f]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-d]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[5,1-c]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-f]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-f]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-d]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c]-1,2,4-triazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine, 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[4,5-d]pyridazine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine, 1,2,3-thiadiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine, 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, 1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, 1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine, 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyridazine, 1,2,5-oxadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrazine, 1,2,5-thiadiazolo[3,4-d]pyrazine, pyrazolo[3,4-d]-1,2,3-triazine, pyrazolo[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazine, pyrazolo[3,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine, pyrazolo[4,3-d]-1,2,3-triazine, imidazo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine, imidazo[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazine, oxazolo[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazine, oxazolo[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine, oxazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine, thiazolo[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine, thiazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazine, thiazolo[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine, thiazolo[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazine, isothiazolo[4.5-d]-1,2,3-triazine, isoxazolo[4.5-d]-1,2,3-triazine, isoxazolo[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazine, isoxazolo[4.5-e]-1,2,4-triazine, isoxazolo[4.3,d]-1,2,3-triazine, isothiazolo[4.3,d]-1,2,3-triazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, phthalazine, quinoxaline, 1,5-naphthyridine, 1,6-naphthyridine, 1,7-naphthyridine, 1,8-naphthyridine, 2,5-naphthyridine, 2,6-naphthyridine, 2,7-naphthyridine, pyrido[2,3-c]pyridazine, pyrido[3,4-c]pyridazine, pyrido[4,3-c]pyridazine, pyrido[3,2-c]pyridazine, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidine, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine, pyrido[2,3-d]pyridazine, pyrido[3,4-d]pyridazine, pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine, pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine, pyridazo[3,4-c]pyridazine, pyridazo[4,5-c]pyridazine, pyridazo[4,5-c]pyridazine, pyrimido[5,4-c]pyridazine, pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazine, pyrazino[2,3-c]pyridazine, pyrimido[4,5-d]pyridazine, pyrazino[2,3-d]pyridazine, pyrimido[4,5-d]-1,2,3-triazine, pyrimido[5,4-d]-1,2,3-triazine, pyrimido[4,5-e]-1,2,4-triazine, pyrimido[5,4-e]-1,2,4-triazine, and pyrazino[2,3-e]-1,2,4-triazine. Tricycles can be made by a 1,2-fusion of phenyl, or any of the earlier mentioned heteroaryl rings, to two adjacent, non-bridging atoms of any of the abovementioned bicycles, with the provisos that the valence rules be obeyed, the resultant tricycle be an aromatic entity, and that the fused tricycle contains no more than seven total heteroatoms.

All alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and alkoxy groups can be optionally substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, with the provisos that no carbon-linked substituent may iterate more than twice in total, and that the substituents produce chemically stable molecules.

All stereoisomers of compounds are claimed, except where a specific stereochemistry is delineated at a chiral center.

All analogues where hydrogen is replaced with deuterium are also claimed.

Additionally, salts of the compounds of structural formula (I) also are included in the present invention and can be used in the methods disclosed herein. The present invention further includes all possible stereoisomers and geometric isomers of the compounds of structural formula (I). The present invention includes both racemic compounds and optically active isomers. When a compound of structural formula (I) is desired as a single enantiomer, it can be obtained either by resolution of the final product or by stereospecific synthesis from either isomerically pure starting material or use of a chiral auxiliary reagent, for example, see Z. Ma et al., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 8(6), pages 883-888 (1997). Resolution of the final product, an intermediate, or a starting material can be achieved by any suitable method known in the art. Additionally, in situations where tautomers of the compounds of structural formula (I) are possible, the present invention is intended to include all tautomeric forms of the compounds.

Various compounds of the present invention can exist as salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of structural formula (I) often are preferred in the methods of the invention. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds of structural formula (I). Salts of compounds of formula (I) can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the compound with an acid or base having a suitable counterion. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of structural formula (I) can be acid addition salts formed with pharmaceutically acceptable acids. Examples of acids which can be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable salts include inorganic acids such as nitric, boric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric. Nonlimiting examples of salts of compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, bisulfate, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, glycerolphsphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, succinate, fumarate, maleate, ascorbate, isethionate, salicylate, methanesulfonate, mesitylenesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproprionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, paratoluenesulfonate, undecanoate, lactate, citrate, tartrate, gluconate, methanesulfonate, ethanedisulfonate, benzene sulphonate, and p-toluenesulfonate salts. In addition, available amino groups present in the compounds of the invention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides. In light of the foregoing, any reference to compounds of the present invention appearing herein is intended to include compounds of structural formula (I), as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, thereof.

Specific compounds of the present invention, and the bonding affinity to DCN1 protein, include, but are not limited to, compounds having a structure set forth below in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Chemical structures and binding affinities to DCN1 proteins Binding Number affinity to of DCN1 ID Example Chemical Structure (IC50 (nM)) DI-24 8

 >3 (μM) DI-25 9

>10 (μM) DI-26 10

3900 DI-27 12

611 ± 193 DI-28 128

321 ± 32 DI-29 129

748 DI-30 13

913 DI-31 14

1926 DI-32 15

461 DI-33 16

795 DI-34 17

651 DI-35 18

3048 DI-36 130

2365 DI-37 131

2614 ZBB-01- 161 132

>10 (μM) ZBB-01- 73 133

>10 (μM) ZBB-01- 75 134

>10 (μM) ZBB-01- 111 135

>10 (μM) ZBB-01- 98 136

 >5 (μM) DI-38 20

341 DI-39 19

270 DI-40 22

361 DI-41 23

 >1 (μM) DI-42 24

967 DI-43 21

290 DI-47 137

precipitation DI-49 138

1750 DI-50 139

>10 (μM) DI-51 140

483 DI-52 141

871 DI-53 142

>10 (μM) DI-54 143

>10 (μM) DI-55 144

273 DI-56 145

>10 μM DI-57 146

464 DI-58 147

354 DI-59 148

402 DI-60 149

378 DI-61 150

1998 DI-62 151

>10 (μM) DI-63 27

1197 DI-64 30

193 ZBB-01- 74-1 152

376 ZBB-01- 160 153

1898 ZBB-01- 220 154

981 ZBB-01- 221 155

1196 ZBB-01- 222 156

194 ZBB-01- 258 157

265 DI-65 29

572 DI-66 26

 >3 (μM) DI-67 28

413 DI-68 25

397 DI-69 158

307 DI-70 33

103 DI-71 32

157 DI-72-1 159

 >3 (μM) DI-72-2 160

457 DI-73-2 161

943 DI-75-1 39

173 DI-75-2 162

797 DI-76 40

163 DI-77 163

103 DI-78 164

394 DI-79 165

122 DI-80 166

193 DI-81 167

>10 μM DI-82 168

>10 μM DI-83 169

>10 (μM) DI-84 170

>10 μM DI-85 171

168 DI-85 172

121 DI-87 173

58.1 DI-88 174

77.5 DI-90 31

137 DI-91 175

90.6 DI-92 176

79.0 DI-93 11

>10 (μM) DI-94 177

79.0 DI-96 178

596 DI-97 179

133 DI-98 180

 >1 (μM) DI-99 181

176 DI-100 182

375 DI-401 183

165 DI-402 184

149 DI-403 185

111 DI-404 37

49.0 DI-405 186

169 Di-406 187

886 DI-407 188

156 DI-408 189

230 DI-409 190

412 DI-410 191

187 DI-411 38

123 DI-412 192

171 DI-413 41

222 DI-414 193

171 DI-415 42

299 ZBB-02- 103 194

93.8 ZBB-02- 104 195

120 ZBB-02- 113 196

71.1 ZBB-02- 113 197

102 ZBB-02- 135 198

120 DI-416 199

>10 (μM) DI-417 35

 >5 (μM) DI-418 200

203 DI-419 201

>10 (μM) DI-420 202

251 DI-421 203

282 DI-422 204

>10 (μM) DI-427 45

116 DI- 427biotin

189 DI- 427biotin (NC)

>10 (μM) DI-429 43

84.3 DI-430 44

 >1 (μM) DI-431 34

17.9 DI-431NC 205

>10 (μM) DI-477 206

42.9 DI-478 207

139 DI-479 208

157 DI-480 209

278 DI-481 210 & 211

81.2 DI-482 212

55.6 DI-501 213

746 ± 72 DI-505 214

491 DI-506 215

230 DI-507 216

559 DI-508 86

491 DI-508DL 87

>10 (μM) DI-508DD 88

>10 (μM) DI-510 217

346 DI-511 218

316 DI-512 219

1559 DI-515 220

>10 (μM) DI-516 221

294 DI-517 55

179 DI-517DL 89

>10 (μM) DI-517LD 90

 >5 (μM) DI-517DD 91

>10 (μM) DI-518 222

858 DI-520 223

949 DI-522 224

575 DI-526 99

>10 (μM) DI-531 100

2220 DI-532

>10 (μM) DI-533

>10 (μM) DI-534

NT DI-538 101

1737 DI-539 102

1279 DI-540 225

 >3 (μM) DI-546-1 226

611 DI-546-2 227

471 DI547 92

244 DI-550 103

264 DI-551 104

>10 (μM) DI-552 105

>10 (μM) DI-553 106

>10 (μM) DI-554 228

>10 (μM) DI-555 229

>10 (μM) DI-556 230

>10 (μM) DI-557 231

>10 (μM) DI-558 232

984 DI-559 233

>10 (μM) DI-560 234

1276 DI-561 235

>10 (μM) DI-562 236

>10 (μM) DI-563 237

>10 (μM) DI-564 238

>10 (μM) DI-565 239

>10 (μM) DI-566 240

DI-572 93

89.9 DI-572 94

>10 (μM) DI-581 241

913 DI-582 242

1195 DI-583 243

1514 DI-584 244 & 245

297 DI-585 246

DI-586 247 & 248

171 DI-587 249 & 250

120 DI-589 108

4171 DI-590 56

79.6 DI-590DD 122

>10 (μM) DI-591 58

90.7 DI-591DD 123

>10 (μM) DI-708 251

 >5 (μM) DI-713 252

1835 DI-714 253

1195 DI-715 254

1345 DI-716 255

802 DI-717 256

2135 DI-718 257

3451 DI-722 258

3915 DI-723 259

>10 (μM) DI-724 260

1195 DI-725 261

 >5 (μM) DI-726 119

477 DI-727 80

157 DI-728 81

127 DI-729 79

93.6 DI-730 57

70.4 DI-731 59

63.1 DI-732 60

71.1 DI-732DD 124

>10 (μM) DI-733 61

128 DI-734 78

189 DI-735 85

138 DI-736 262

155 DI-737 263

139 DI-737 DI-738 107

704 DI-739 53

>10 μM DI-740 95

>10 μM DI-741 96

>10 μM DI-742 97 & 98

>10 μM DI-743 264

1502 DI-745 265

>10 μM DI-746 266

DI-747 267

DI-747 DI-748 62

25.9 DI-749 77

52.9 DI-750 63

67.3 DI-761 36

DI-761 DI-762 84

241.9 DI-762 DI-763 64

36.0 DI-763 DI-764 65

118.6 DI-764 DI-765 268

1208 DI-765 DI-766 66

298.6 DI-766 DI-767 67

257.0 DI-767 DI-769 68

66.6 DI-769 DI-770 69

71.6 DI-769 DI-772 70

45.1 DI-773 71

110 DI-774 72

65.9 DI-775 82

242.9 DI-775 DI-776 83

656.2 DI-776 DI-777 77

55.3 DI-778 74

112.3 DI-778 DI-781 126

29.6 DI-781 DI-782 127

Kd = 21.9 DI-782-fluorescein DI-783 75

75.6 DI-783 DI-784 76

65.7 DI-784 DI-789 109

>10 μM DI-789 DI-790 110

1905 DI-790 DI-791 269

>10 μM DI-791 DI-792 111

 >5 μM DI-792 DI-793 112

5064 DI-793 DI-794 113

4110 DI-794 DI-795 114

1555 DI-795 DI-796 115

2393 DI-796 DI-797 116

2201 DI-797 DI-798 117

875 DI-798 DI-799 118

3106 DI-799 DI-800 270

>10 μM DI-800 DI-801 2

322 DI-802 4

116 DI-803 5

40.1 DI-804 271

122 DI-805 272

>10 μM DI-806 273

51.0 DI-807 274

82.5 DI-808 275

77.8 DI-809 276

109 DI-810 277

517 DI-811 278

68.2 DI-812 279

217 DI-813 280

69.4 DI-814 281

37.4 DI-815 282

72.0 DI-816 283

83.0 DI-817 284

153.8 DI-818 285

<100 DI-819 286

58.3 DI-820 2287

279.9 DI-821 288

>10 μM DI-822 289

137.9 DI-823 290

55.6 DI-824 291

116 DI-825 120

DI-826 121

DI-827 6

632 ± 29 DI-827 DI-828 7

1036 ± 128 DI-828 DI-829 46

281 ± 29 DI-829 DI-830 47

95.0 ± 15.8 DI-830 DI-831 3

9.2 ± 1.4 DI-831 DI-832 54

>10 μM DI-833 48

 >5 μM DI-834 49

>10 μM DI-835 50

255 ± 29 DI-836 51

944 ± 176 DI-837 52

558 ± 125 DI-751 125

31.5 Exact Mass: 753.3747 Molecular Weight: 753.9232 DI06 1

>10 μM DI-06

The present invention provides DCN1 inhibitors of structural formula (I) for the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a beneficial effect. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of treating an individual suffering from a disease or condition wherein inhibition of the DCN1 provides a benefit comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) to an individual in need thereof.

The method of the present invention can be accomplished by administering a compound of structural formula (I) as the neat compound or as a pharmaceutical composition. Administration of a pharmaceutical composition, or neat compound of structural formula (I), can be performed during or after the onset of the disease or condition of interest. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions are sterile, and contain no toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic compounds that would cause an adverse reaction when administered. Further provided are kits comprising a compound of structural formula (I) and, optionally, a second therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of diseases and conditions wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit, packaged separately or together, and an insert having instructions for using these active agents.

In many embodiments, a compound of structural formula (I) is administered in conjunction with a second therapeutic agent useful in the treatment of a disease or condition wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit. The second therapeutic agent is different from the compound of structural formula (I). A compound of structural formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent can be administered simultaneously or sequentially to achieve the desired effect. In addition, the compound of structural formula (I) and second therapeutic agent can be administered from a single composition or two separate compositions.

The second therapeutic agent is administered in an amount to provide its desired therapeutic effect. The effective dosage range for each second therapeutic agent is known in the art, and the second therapeutic agent is administered to an individual in need thereof within such established ranges.

A compound of structural formula (I) and the second therapeutic agent can be administered together as a single-unit dose or separately as multi-unit doses, wherein the compound of structural formula (I) is administered before the second therapeutic agent or vice versa. One or more dose of the compound of structural formula (I) and/or one or more dose of the second therapeutic agent can be administered. The compounds of structural formula (I) therefore can be used in conjunction with one or more second therapeutic agents, for example, but not limited to, anticancer agents. It is envisioned that one or more dose of a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) and/or one or more dose of a second therapeutic agent can be administered.

A present DCN1 inhibitor can be used in the treatment of a variety of diseases and conditions, including for example, metabolic disorders, oxidative stress-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, viral infections, inflammation, acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, metabolic disorders, multiple sclerosis, inflammation, cancer, and autoimmune disease.

In the present method, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I), typically formulated in accordance with pharmaceutical practice, is administered to a human being in need thereof. Whether such a treatment is indicated depends on the individual case and is subject to medical assessment (diagnosis) that takes into consideration signs, symptoms, and/or malfunctions that are present, the risks of developing particular signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions, and other factors.

A compound of structural formula (I) can be administered by any suitable route, for example by oral, buccal, inhalation, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, intracisternal or intrathecal through lumbar puncture, transurethral, nasal, percutaneous, i.e., transdermal, or parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracoronary, intradermal, intramammary, intraperitoneal, intraarticular, intrathecal, retrobulbar, intrapulmonary injection and/or surgical implantation at a particular site) administration. Parenteral administration can be accomplished using a needle and syringe or using a high pressure technique.

Pharmaceutical compositions include those wherein a compound of structural formula (I) is administered in an effective amount to achieve its intended purpose. The exact formulation, route of administration, and dosage is determined by an individual physician in view of the diagnosed condition or disease. Dosage amount and interval can be adjusted individually to provide levels of a compound of structural formula (I) that is sufficient to maintain therapeutic effects.

Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the compounds of structural formula (I) can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a compound, which defines as the highest dose that causes no toxicity in animals. The dose ratio between the maximum tolerated dose and therapeutic effects (e.g. inhibiting of tumor growth) is the therapeutic index. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, and the route of administration utilized. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.

A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) required for use in therapy varies with the nature of the condition being treated, the length of time that activity is desired, and the age and the condition of the patient, and ultimately is determined by the attendant physician. Dosage amounts and intervals can be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the DCN1 inhibitor that are sufficient to maintain the desired therapeutic effects. The desired dose conveniently can be administered in a single dose, or as multiple doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example as one, two, three, four or more subdoses per day. Multiple doses often are desired, or required. For example, a present DCN1 inhibitor can be administered at a frequency of: one dose per day for 2 days with rest for 5 days for 2 weeks; one dose per day for 3 days with rest for 4 days for 3 weeks; weekly dosing for 2 weeks; weekly dosing for 4 weeks; or, any dose regimen determined to be appropriate for the circumstance.

A compound of structural formula (I) used in a method of the present invention can be administered in an amount of about 0.005 to about 500 milligrams per dose, about 0.05 to about 250 milligrams per dose, or about 0.5 to about 100 milligrams per dose. For example, a compound of structural formula (I) can be administered, per dose, in an amount of about 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 milligrams, including all doses between 0.005 and 500 milligrams.

The dosage of a composition containing a DCN1 inhibitor of structural formula (I) or a composition containing the same, can be from about 1 ng/kg to about 200 mg/kg, about 1 μg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg. The dosage of a composition can be at any dosage including, but not limited to, about 1 μg/kg. The dosage of a composition may be at any dosage including, but not limited to, about 1 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, μg/kg, 50 μg/kg, 75 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, 125 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg, 175 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg, 225 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, 275 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 325 μg/kg, 350 μg/kg, 375 μg/kg, 400 μg/kg, 425 μg/kg, 450 μg/kg, 475 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 525 μg/kg, 550 μg/kg, 575 μg/kg, 600 μg/kg, 625 μg/kg, 650 μg/kg, 675 μg/kg, 700 μg/kg, 725 μg/kg, 750 μg/kg, 775 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg, 825 μg/kg, 850 μg/kg, 875 μg/kg, 900 g/kg, 925 μg/kg, 950 μg/kg, 975 μg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 175 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg. The above dosages are exemplary of the average case, but there can be individual instances in which higher or lower dosages are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention. In practice, the physician determines the actual dosing regimen that is most suitable for an individual patient, which can vary with the age, weight, and response of the particular patient.

The chemotherapeutic agent can be any pharmacological agent or compound that induces apoptosis. The pharmacological agent or compound can be, for example, a small organic molecule, peptide, polypeptide, nucleic acid, or antibody Chemotherapeutic agents that can be used include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones and antagonists thereof, natural products and their derivatives, radioisotopes, antibodies, as well as natural products, and combinations thereof. For example, a DCN1 inhibitor of the present invention can be administered with antibiotics, such as doxorubicin and other anthracycline analogs, nitrogen mustards, such as cyclophosphamide, pyrimidine analogs such as 5-fluorouracil, cis-platin, hydroxyurea, taxol and its natural and synthetic derivatives, and the like. As another example, in the case of mixed tumors, such as adenocarcinoma of the breast, where the tumors include gonadotropin-dependent and gonadotropin-independent cells, the compound can be administered in conjunction with leuprolide or goserelin (synthetic peptide analogs of LH-RH). Other antineoplastic protocols include the use of an inhibitor compound with another treatment modality, e.g., surgery or radiation, also referred to herein as “adjunct anti-neoplastic modalities.” Additional chemotherapeutic agents useful in the invention include hormones and antagonists thereof, radioisotopes, antibodies, natural products, and combinations thereof.

The compounds of the present invention typically are administered in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. Pharmaceutical compositions for use in accordance with the present invention are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of compounds of structural formula (I).

These pharmaceutical compositions can be manufactured, for example, by conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. When a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of structural formula (I) is administered orally, the composition typically is in the form of a tablet, capsule, powder, solution, or elixir. When administered in tablet form, the composition additionally can contain a solid carrier, such as a gelatin or an adjuvant. The tablet, capsule, and powder contain about 0.01% to about 95%, and preferably from about 1% to about 50%, of a compound of structural formula (I). When administered in liquid form, a liquid carrier, such as water, petroleum, or oils of animal or plant origin, can be added. The liquid form of the composition can further contain physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solutions, or glycols. When administered in liquid form, the composition contains about 0.1% to about 90%, and preferably about 1% to about 50%, by weight, of a compound of structural formula (I).

When a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of structural formula (I) is administered by intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection, the composition is in the form of a pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solution. The preparation of such parenterally acceptable solutions, having due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability, and the like, is within the skill in the art. A preferred composition for intravenous, cutaneous, or subcutaneous injection typically contains, an isotonic vehicle.

Compounds of structural formula (I) can be readily combined with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well-known in the art. Such carriers enable the active agents to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by adding the compound of structural formula (I) to a solid excipient, optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include, for example, fillers and cellulose preparations. If desired, disintegrating agents can be added.

A compound of structural formula (I) can be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection can be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampules or in multidose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions can take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and can contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/or dispersing agents.

Pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active agent in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of a compound of structural formula (I) can be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils or synthetic fatty acid esters. Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension. Optionally, the suspension also can contain suitable stabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the compounds and allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions. Alternatively, a present composition can be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

A compound of structural formula (I) also can be formulated in rectal compositions, such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases. In addition to the formulations described previously, the compound of structural formula (I) also can be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long-acting formulations can be administered by implantation (for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus, for example, the compounds of structural formula (I) can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins.

In particular, the compounds of structural formula (I) can be administered orally, buccally, or sublingually in the form of tablets containing excipients, such as starch or lactose, or in capsules or ovules, either alone or in admixture with excipients, or in the form of elixirs or suspensions containing flavoring or coloring agents. Such liquid preparations can be prepared with pharmaceutically acceptable additives, such as suspending agents. The compounds of structural formula (I) also can be injected parenterally, for example, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, or intracoronarily. For parenteral administration, the DCN1 inhibitors are best used in the form of a sterile aqueous solution which can contain other substances, for example, salts or monosaccharides, such as mannitol or glucose, to make the solution isotonic with blood.

As an additional embodiment, the present invention includes kits which comprise one or more compounds or compositions packaged in a manner that facilitates their use to practice methods of the invention. In one simple embodiment, the kit includes a compound or composition described herein as useful for practice of a method (e.g., a composition comprising a compound of structural formula (I) and an optional second therapeutic agent), packaged in a container, such as a sealed bottle or vessel, with a label affixed to the container or included in the kit that describes use of the compound or composition to practice the method of the invention. Preferably, the compound or composition is packaged in a unit dosage form. The kit further can include a device suitable for administering the composition according to the intended route of administration.

In addition to its use in therapeutic medicine, compounds of structural formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, also are useful as pharmacological tools in the development and standardization of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of inhibitors of DCN1 in laboratory animals, such as cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats, and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agents.

In accordance with an important feature of the present invention, compounds of structural formula (I) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors for DCN1. For example, compounds of the present invention typically have a binding affinity (IC₅₀) to DCN1 of less than 500 nM.

Compounds of structural formula (I) were prepared using the following synthetic procedures.

Synthesis of intermediates amino acids:

As shown in scheme 1, compounds 3 were afforded by transforming the carboxylic acid of compound 1 to benzothiazoles. A reported method¹ was employed for form the benzothiazole ring.

Allyl (S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanoate (2a)

To a solution of (S)-3-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(allyloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid (1, 5 g, 12.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (3.3 mL, 38.0 mmol) and catalytic amount of DMF at 0° C. The reaction mixture was concentrated after being stirred for 0.5 h. The residue was suspended in toluene (250 mL) and treated with 2-amino-5-isopropylbenzenethiol (2.1 g, 12.6 mmol). The resultant mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford intermediate 2a (3.5 g, 53%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.65 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.49-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 2H), 6.46 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.98-5.88 (m, 1H), 5.36 (d, J=17.2 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (dd, J=10.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (dt, J=8.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 2H), 4.46 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 4.30 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (qd, J=15.7, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.37 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.46, 165.13, 156.11, 151.53, 146.40, 143.98, 143.89, 141.35, 135.55, 131.60, 127.75, 127.14, 125.38, 125.30, 122.69, 120.04, 118.86, 118.74, 67.36, 66.42, 53.35, 47.19, 35.76, 34.30, 24.30. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₁H₃₁N₂O₄S⁺ 527.20, found 527.26 [M+H]⁺.

Allyl (S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanoate (2b)

Intermediate 2b was prepared in 46% yield by a similar procedure as that for 2a. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.36-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.12 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.95-5.82 (m, 1H), 5.32 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=10.3 Hz, 1H), 5.03-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.68 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 2H), 4.43 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (qd, J=15.8, 4.9 Hz, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 170.16, 166.49, 155.90, 151.56, 143.72, 141.31, 136.40, 131.32, 131.20, 127.74, 127.07, 126.97, 125.15, 123.70, 121.17, 120.02, 119.05, 67.30, 66.52, 52.98, 47.11, 35.79.

(S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid (3a)

Phenylsilane (1.9 g, 17.1 mmol) was added to a solution of 2a (3.0 g, 5.7 mmol) and Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (658 mg, 0.57 mmol) in DCM. The resultant solution was stirred 1 h before being concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford 3a (2.24 g, 81%). H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.01-7.82 (m, 5H), 7.64 (dd, J=11.7, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.41-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.13 (m, 1H), 4.57-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.16 (m, 3H), 3.60 (dd, J=15.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J=15.0, 9.9 Hz, 1H), 3.03 (dt, J=13.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 172.71, 167.25, 156.39, 151.46, 146.13, 144.23, 144.14, 141.15, 135.65, 128.06, 127.49, 125.71, 125.65, 125.51, 122.45, 120.55, 119.48, 66.18, 54.10, 47.04, 35.53, 33.97, 24.55, 24.54. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₈H₂₇N₂O₄S⁺ 487.17, found 487.19 [M+H]⁺.

(S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid (3b)

Intermediate 3b was prepared from 2b in 79% yield by a similar procedure as that for 3a. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD:CCl₃D=1:10) δ 7.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.57-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.30 (m, 3H), 7.24 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 4.95-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.25 (m, 2H), 4.19 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.67-3.64 (m, 2H). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD:CCl₃D=1:10) δ 172.19, 167.48, 156.13, 151.13, 143.66, 141.24, 136.32, 131.19, 127.68, 127.02, 126.96, 125.06, 123.37, 121.15, 119.93, 67.15, 52.92, 47.03, 35.67. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₀ClN₂O₄S⁺ 479.08, found 479.19 [M+H]⁺.

(S)-2-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-(5-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanoic acid (3c)

Intermediate 3c was prepared from 1 in 41% yield in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 13.04 (br, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.02 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 7.67-7.94 (m, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.22 (m, 2H), 4.54 (td, J=9.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.2, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=15.1, 9.9 Hz, 1H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO) δ 172.59, 170.94, 156.41, 153.89, 144.21, 144.15, 141.17, 134.25, 131.33, 128.07, 127.48, 125.64, 125.57, 124.05, 122.28, 120.57, 66.15, 53.92, 47.05, 35.62. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₀ClN₂O₄S⁺ 479.08, found 479.22[M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3d was prepared from 1 in 36% yield in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO), δ 13.0 (br. 1H), 7.97-7.87 (m, 4H), 7.66-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.87 (d, J=7.5, 2H), 7.48-7.22 (m, 6H), 4.54 (dt, J=4.0, 8.8, 1H), 4.28 (d, J=6.3, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=6.8, 1H), 3.65 (dd, J=4.6, 15.1, 1H), 3.49 (dd, J=9.9, 15.1, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD).

Intermediate 3e was prepared from 1 in 39% yield in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a.: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO), δ 13.0 (br. 1H), 8.12-8.09 (m, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=7.5, 2H), 7.79 (dd, J=2.5, 9.9, 1H), 7.67-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.23 (m, 5H), 4.55 (dt, J=4.0, 9.4, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=6.7, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=6.8, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=4.5, 15.1, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=9.8, 15.1, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD).

Intermediate 3f was prepared from 1 in 32% yield in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a.: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO), δ 13.0 (br. 1H), 7.99-7.92 (m, 3H), 7.88 (d, J=7.5, 2H), 7.67-7.64 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 2H), 4.54 (dt, J=4.4, 8.6, 1H), 4.28 (d, J=7.0, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=6.8, 1H), 3.60 (dd, J=4.3, 15.1, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=9.8, 15.1, 1H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD).

Intermediate 3g was prepared from 1 in 35% yield in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₀ClN₂O₄S⁺ 479.1, found 479.4 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3h was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₆H₂₃N₂O₄S+ 459.1, found 459.8 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3i was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₇H₂₅N₂O₄S+ 473.2, found 473.5[M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3j was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₉H₂₉N₂O₄S+ 501.2, found 501.9 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3k was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₀BrN₂O₄S⁺ 523.0, found 523.6 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3s was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 3a. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₁₈C₁₂N₂O₄S⁺ 512.0, found 512.5 [M+H]⁺.

3l: To a solution of (S)-3-((((9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(allyloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid (1, 5 g, 12.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL) was added oxalyl chloride (3.3 mL, 38.0 mmol) and catalytic amount of DMF at 0° C. The reaction mixture was concentrated after being stirred for 0.5 h. The residue was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and treated with 2-amino-5-isopropylbenzenethiol (2.1 g, 12.6 mmol) and N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (5 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h and treated with water. The separated organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to get 31-1. Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (3.2 ml, 18.9 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of triphenylphosphane oxide (10.5 g, 37.8 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) at 0° C. After the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min, 31-1 was then added at the same temperature. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 10% aqueous NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂, and the combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude product The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford 3l. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₁N₂O₅ ⁺ 429.1, found 429.6.

Intermediate 3m was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 31. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₀ClN₂O₅ ⁺ 463.1, found 463.0 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3n was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 31. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₂₀ClN₂O₅ ⁺ 463.1, found 463.2 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3o was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 31. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₆H₂₃N₂O₅ ⁺ 443.1, found 443.2 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3p was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 31. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₇H₂₅N₂O₅ ⁺ 457.2, found 457.4 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3q was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 31. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₆H₂₃N₂O₆ ⁺ 459.2, found 459.2 [M+H]⁺.

Intermediate 3r was prepared from 1 in two steps using a similar procedure as that for 31. ESI-MS m/z: calculated for C₂₆H₂₀F₃N₂O₅ ⁺497.2, found 497.8 [M+H]⁺.

Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides

General method: The longer peptides were synthesized on an ABI 433 Peptide Synthesizer using Fmoc chemistry. Rink amide resin was used as the solid support and the coupling reagents were HBTU (O-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate) and HOBt (1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate). The crude peptides were cleaved from the resin by cleavage cocktail (TFA:TES:H₂O, 18 mL:0.5 mL:1 mL), which also led to removal of the protecting groups. The cleavage solution was evaporated and purified by RP-HPLC to give peptides. Shorter peptides were generally made by using standard solution phase chemistry, coupling Fmoc amino acids using HATA/HOBT in DMF, using methods well known to those of skill in the art.

Example 1

HRMS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₃H₅₁N₆O₅ ⁺ 611.3915, found 611.3914 [M+H]⁺.

Example 2

(S)-2-((2S,3 S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-3-methylpentanamido)-6-amino-N—((S)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)hexanamide: H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.97 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.60-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.38 (m, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J=8.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (ddd, J=12.5, 9.2, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (dd, J=15.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (dd, J=15.4, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.38 (m, 9H), 1.21-1.15 (m, 1H), 1.01-0.83 (m, 12H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.01, 172.18, 172.03, 171.35, 167.73, 152.61, 135.10, 126.01, 125.09, 122.04, 121.47, 58.17, 53.04, 52.78, 51.40, 40.76, 39.11, 36.63, 34.97, 30.76, 26.52, 24.62, 24.48, 22.15, 22.11, 21.14, 20.37, 14.51, 9.97. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₀H₄₈N₇O₅S⁺ 618.34, found 618.29 [M+H]⁺.

Example 3

(S)-2-((2S,3 S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(5-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-3-methylpentanamido)-6-amino-N—((S)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)hexanamide: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.54 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.98-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=8.6, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.48-4.32 (m, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.65 (dd, J=15.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (dd, J=15.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.91-1.77 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.39 (m, 9H), 1.20-1.12 (m, 1H), 1.00-0.82 (m, 12H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.00, 172.21, 172.12, 171.97, 171.21, 170.07, 153.57, 133.71, 131.95, 125.36, 122.63, 121.78, 58.10, 52.88, 52.71, 51.36, 40.80, 39.13, 36.65, 35.00, 30.79, 26.55, 24.58, 24.48, 22.14, 22.10, 21.13, 20.37, 14.49, 9.95. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₀H₄₇ClN₇O₅S⁺ 652.30, found 652.25 [M+H]⁺.

Example 4

(S)-2-((2S,3 S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-3-methylpentanamido)-6-amino-N—((S)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)hexanamide: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.53 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 8.08-8.06 (m, 2H), 8.03 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.93 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=15.5, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (dd, J=15.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.34 (m, 9H), 1.23-1.09 (m, 1H), 1.06-0.73 (m, 12H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.00, 172.18, 172.13, 171.96, 171.22, 168.56, 151.37, 136.58, 130.86, 126.64, 123.07, 121.14, 58.10, 52.90, 52.73, 51.36, 40.79, 39.13, 36.63, 34.92, 30.77, 26.55, 24.58, 24.47, 22.14, 22.10, 21.12, 20.36, 14.49, 9.95. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₀H₄₇ClN₇O₅S⁺ 652.30, found 652.28 [M+H]⁺.

Example 5

(S)-2-((2S,3 S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-3-methylpentanamido)-6-amino-N—((S)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl)hexanamide: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (dd, J=8.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.20 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=15.4, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=15.4, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.90-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.39 (m, 9H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.19-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.85 (m, 12H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.00, 172.19, 172.15, 172.05, 171.39, 166.88, 150.96, 146.66, 135.29, 125.15, 121.69, 118.56, 58.20, 53.11, 52.73, 51.36, 40.79, 39.13, 36.56, 34.88, 34.09, 30.74, 26.51, 24.60, 24.48, 23.16, 22.15, 22.09, 21.13, 20.36, 14.50, 9.95. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₃H₅₄N₇O₅S⁺ 660.39, found 661.01 [M+H]⁺.

Example 6

(S)-2-((2S,3 S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-3-methylpentanamido)-6-aminohexanamide: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.53 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (dd, J=8.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.44-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.19 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J=15.4, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.60 (m, 3H), 1.56-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.20-1.13 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 174.86, 172.20, 172.10, 171.48, 166.94, 150.94, 146.68, 135.28, 125.16, 121.67, 118.57, 58.35, 53.07, 52.35, 39.16, 36.38, 34.85, 34.09, 30.97, 26.53, 24.59, 23.16, 22.25, 21.14, 14.51, 9.89. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₇H₄₃N₆O₄S⁺ 547.31, found 547.22 [M+H]⁺.

Example 7

(2S,3S)-2-((S)-2-acetamido-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamido)-3-methylpentanamide

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.01-4.95 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=15.3, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J=15.3, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.93-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.22-1.14 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 174.65, 172.01, 171.07, 167.02, 150.89, 146.59, 135.26, 125.14, 121.58, 118.52, 57.81, 52.73, 36.70, 34.95, 34.08, 24.26, 23.15, 21.06, 14.58, 10.27. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₁H₃₁N₄O₃S⁺ 419.21, found 419.27 [M+H]⁺.

1. Synthesis of Examples 8-18.

The common intermediate 4-275 was synthesized manually using 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin as the solid support. The Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH was loaded to 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin by shaking a mixture of 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (1 equiv.), Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH (1 equiv.) and DIPEA (3 equiv.) in DCM in a reaction vessel overnight. Next, Fmoc chemistry was used to carry out the chain elongation. The crude carboxylic acid 4-275 was cleaved from the resin with 0.5% TFA in CH₂Cl₂. The cleavage solution was evaporated and purified by HPLC to yield common intermediate 4-275. 4-275: ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃: CD3OD=5:1), δ 7.78-7.75 (m, 3H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 2H), 4.82-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.51-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.21-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.25-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.18-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.26 (m, 18H), 1.04 (t, J=7.6, 3H), 0.90-0.84 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 175.1, 174.2, 172.1, 171.7, 156.7, 134.2, 133.5, 132.4, 128.1, 128.0, 127.6, 127.4, 126.1, 125.7, 79.3, 58.0, 57.8, 54.1, 52.3, 40.1, 38.0, 37.0, 31.4, 29.3, 28.4, 24.8, 22.7, 15.2, 10.9, 9.7.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Examples 8-18:

A solution of acid 4-275 (0.05 mmol, 1 equiv.), the corresponding amine (0.10 mmol, 2 equiv.), HBTU (38 mg, 0.10 mmol, 2 equiv.), HOBt (14 mg, 0.10 mmol, 2 equiv.) and DIEA (27 μL, 0.15 mmol, 3 equiv.) in THF (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h before being concentrated. The residue was then redissolved in EtOAc, washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 3 mL trifluoroacetic acid in DCM (10 ML) at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the crude product was purified by RP-HPLC to provide the compounds Examples 8-18 in in 70% to 85% yields.

Example 8

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.17-8.12 (m, 2H), 7.95 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 7.83-7.71 (m, 4H), 7.48-7.38 (m, 3H), 4.80-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.87 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.54 (m, 10H), 1.42-1.17 (m, 8H), 1.01-0.88 (m, 8H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.0, 173.4, 172.5, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.1, 128.9, 128.6, 128.4, 127.1, 126.7, 59.4, 56.1, 54.2, 40.6, 38.6, 38.0, 33.7, 32.4, 29.9, 28.0, 26.6, 26.1, 23.7, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 9

¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 9.74 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 7.83-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.57-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.38 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.12-7.08 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.76 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.45 (m, 1H), 4.24 (t, J=7.8, 1H), 3.54-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.88 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.21-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.29 (m, 8H), 1.23-1.16 (m, 1H), 1.01-0.88 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.0, 173.6, 171.9, 139.4, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.9, 129.1, 128.9, 128.6, 128.4, 127.1, 126.7, 125.5, 121.3, 59.4, 56.1, 54.9, 40.6, 38.6, 38.1, 32.3, 29.9, 28.1, 26.0, 23.8, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 10

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.36 (t, J=5.8, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 7.82-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.36 (m, 3H), 7.33-7.23 (m, 5H), 4.80-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.44-4.31 (m, 3H), 4.20-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.85 (t, J=7.7, 2H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.29 (m, 8H), 1.22-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.97 (t, J=7.7, 3H), 0.90-0.85 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.1, 173.6, 173.5, 139.7, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.6, 129.1, 128.8, 128.6, 128.4, 128.3, 127.1, 126.7, 59.4, 56.1, 54.3, 44.1, 40.5, 38.5, 38.0, 32.3, 29.9, 28.0, 26.0, 23.7, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 11

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.16-8.13 (m, 2H), 8.01-7.98 (m, 1H), 7.78-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 5H), 4.78-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.33 (m, 3H), 3.08-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.85-2.79 (m, 4H), 2.17-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.30-1.15 (m, 3H), 0.99-0.86 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.1, 173.6, 173.4, 140.3, 136.0, 134.9133.9, 129.9, 129.5, 129.1, 128.9, 128.8, 128.6, 128.3, 127.4, 127.1, 126.7, 59.4, 56.1, 54.2, 41.9, 40.5, 38.6, 38.0, 36.4, 32.4, 29.9, 28.0, 26.0, 23.7, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 12

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.71 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 7.82-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.23 (m, 13H), 6.17-6.14 (m, 1H), 4.74-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.82 (t, J=7.7, 2H), 2.19-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.83-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.48 (m, 4H), 1.38-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.20-1.10 (m, 1H), 0.97 (t, J=7.6, 3H), 0.88-0.83 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.0, 173.6, 172.8, 142.9, 142.7, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.6, 129.5, 129.1, 128.84, 128.77, 128.6, 128.5, 128.41, 128.37, 127.1, 126.7, 59.4, 58.3, 56.1, 54.2, 40.5, 38.5, 38.0, 32.3, 29.9, 28.0, 26.1, 23.7, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 13

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.25 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.81-7.75 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.34 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.11 (m, 4H), 5.35 (dd, J=7.7, 15.4, 1H), 4.73-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.80 (m, 3H), 2.52-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.72-1.37 (m, 6H), 1.28-1.14 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.87 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.1, 173.52, 173.48, 144.5, 144.2, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.1, 129.0, 128.8, 128.6, 128.4, 127.6, 127.1, 126.7, 125.7, 125.2, 59.5, 56.1, 55.9, 54.3, 40.6, 38.5, 38.0, 34.2, 32.3, 31.1, 29.8, 28.0, 26.1, 23.8, 16.0, 11.4, 10.3.

Example 14

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.25-8.18 (m, 2H), 8.11 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 7.82-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.23-7.17 (m, 4H), 5.34 (dd, J=7.5, 15.2, 1H), 4.77-4.72 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.21-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.79 (m, 3H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.11 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.72-1.38 (m, 6H), 1.22-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.85 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.0, 173.5, 173.4, 144.6, 144.2, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.1, 129.0, 128.8, 128.6, 128.4, 127.7, 127.1, 126.7, 125.8, 125.0, 59.3, 56.1, 55.9, 54.2, 40.6, 38.6, 38.0, 34.2, 32.6, 31.1, 29.9, 28.0, 26.0, 23.8, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 15

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.27-8.19 (m, 2H), 8.09 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.81-7.75 (m, 3H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.18-7.07 (m, 4H), 5.07-5.05 (m, 1H), 4.71-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.80 (m, 5H), 2.18-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.28 (m, 12H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.88 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.0, 173.5, 173.0, 138.7, 137.4, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 130.1, 129.5, 129.0, 128.8, 128.6, 128.4, 128.3, 127.1, 126.7, 59.4, 56.0, 54.3, 40.5, 38.5, 38.0, 32.4, 31.2, 30.2, 29.8, 28.0, 26.1, 23.8, 21.4, 16.0, 11.4, 10.3

Example 16

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.26-8.18 (m, 2H), 8.11 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 7.97 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 7.82-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.70 (s, 1H), 7.45-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 4H), 5.04-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.78-4.73 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.33 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.17 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.79 (m, 4H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.29 (m, 12H), 1.22-1.12 (m, 1H), 1.02-0.86 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.1, 174.0, 173.5, 172.8, 138.8, 137.4, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 130.2, 129.5, 129.1, 128.8, 128.6, 128.4, 128.3, 127.1, 126.7, 59.3, 56.0, 54.3, 40.5, 38.6, 38.0, 32.5, 31.1, 30.2, 29.9, 28.0, 26.0, 23.7, 21.1, 15.9, 11.3, 10.3.

Example 17

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.31 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 8.25 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.82-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.35 (m, 3H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.76 (m, 2H), 5.10-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.15 (m, 3H), 3.27-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.90-2.85 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.11 (m, 3H), 2.02-1.37 (m, 9H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 1H), 0.99-0.88 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD30D), δ 177.2, 174.1, 173.6, 173.1, 156.5, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 130.5, 130.1, 129.1, 128.8, 128.63, 128.61, 128.4, 127.1, 126.7, 123.3, 121.6, 118.0, 64.4, 59.5, 56.1, 54.3, 44.8, 40.6, 38.4, 38.0, 32.3, 30.2, 29.8, 28.0, 26.1, 23.8, 16.0, 11.4, 10.3.

Example 18

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ not very pure. Should estimate purity by HPLC. Then at least quote MH+ Where are DI-28&29? If they are to be included, number them at end. In fact any missing numbers need to be just added to end of list. Otherwise it becomes too complex to construct Example # List

2. Synthesis of Examples 19-24.

4-256:

To a solution of Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH (4.7 g, 10 mmol, 1 equiv.), HBTU (7.6 g, 20 mmol, 2 equiv.), HOBt (2.7 g, 20 mmol, 2 equiv.) and DIEA (5.2 mL, 30 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DMF (50 mL) was added benzhydrylamine (1.53 g, 10 mmol, 1 equiv.) and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 10 mL diethylamine in Acetonitrile (90 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford 4-256 (3.1 g, 76% over three steps). 4-256: ¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.25 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 7.30-7.18 (m, 10H), 6.19 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 5.05 (brd. 1H), 3.33-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.02-3.00 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.76 (m, 3H), 1.57-1.30 (m, 14H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 174.4, 156.2, 141.8, 128.58, 128.56, 127.4, 127.3, 78.8, 56.3, 54.9, 40.1, 34.6, 29.7, 28.5, 22.8.

General Procedures for the Synthesis of Examples 19-24:

To a solution of the corresponding Fmoc protected amino acid (0.3 mmol, 1 equiv.), HBTU (228 g, 0.6 mmol, 2 equiv.), HOBt (81 mg, 0.6 mmol, 2 equiv.) and DIEA (157 μL, 0.9 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DMF (10 mL) was added 4-256 (123 mg, 0.3 mmol, 1 equiv.) and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 1 mL diethylamine in Acetonitrile (9 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the appropriate intermediate in 60% to 75% yields over two steps.

To a solution of Fmoc-2-Nal-OH (44 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.), HBTU (76 g, 0.2 mmol, 2 equiv.), HOBt (27 mg, 0.2 mmol, 2 equiv.) and DIEA (52 μL, 0.3 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DMF (5 mL) was added the corresponding amine (0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 1 mL diethylamine in Acetonitrile (9 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was redissolved in DCM (5 mL) and was treated with Propionic anhydride (39 mg, 0.3 mmoL, 3 equiv.) and DIEA (87 μL, 0.5 mmol, 5 equiv.) for half an hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated and treated with 3 mL trifluoroacetic acid in DCM (10 ML) at room temperature for 3 h. This reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by RP-HPLC to provide the compounds in Table 5.

4-272:

¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.16 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.35-7.16 (m, 10H), 6.23 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 4.81 (brd. 1H), 4.74-4.67 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.98 (m, 3H), 2.09-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.43 (m, 20H), 1.36-1.18 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 175.4, 171.0, 156.1, 141.7, 141.4, 128.6, 128.5, 127.6, 127.43, 127.38, 127.2, 79.0, 58.4, 56.7, 52.5, 43.7, 40.2, 32.4, 29.5, 29.3, 28.5, 27.6, 25.6, 25.4, 22.7.

Example 19

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.66 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=7.3, 1H), 7.82-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.24 (m, 13H), 6.15 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 4.76-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.49-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.82 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.23-2.11 (m, 3H), 1.86-1.24 (m, 14H), 0.96 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.1, 173.94, 173.87, 172.8, 142.9, 142.7, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.7, 129.5, 129.0, 128.9, 128.8, 128.61, 128.58, 128.4, 127.1, 126.7, 59.0, 58.4, 56.0, 54.2, 43.4, 40.5, 38.6, 32.2, 30.5, 30.3, 29.9, 27.9, 26.2, 25.9, 23.7, 10.2.

Example 20 Intermediate

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.80 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 7.35-7.18 (m, 10H), 6.21 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.65 (brd. 1H), 4.59-4.51 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.95 (m, 3H), 1.95-1.58 (m, 8H), 1.45-1.42 (m, 11H), 1.36-1.00 (m, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 175.0, 170.9, 156.1, 141.6, 141.4, 128.64, 128.56, 127.5, 127.3, 79.1, 59.9, 56.9, 52.7, 41.0, 40.2, 31.6, 30.2, 29.5, 28.4, 26.7, 26.3, 26.14, 26.07, 22.8.

Example 20

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.69 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.28 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 7.82-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.24 (m, 13H), 6.15 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 4.75-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.46-4.41 (m, 1H), 4.14 (t, J=7.7, 1H), 3.27-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.07-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.82 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.20-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.55 (m, 9H), 1.40-1.12 (m, 6H), 1.00-0.95 (m, 5H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 173.9, 173.4, 172.8, 142.9, 142.7, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.7, 129.6, 129.1, 128.9, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 127.1, 126.7, 59.8, 58.4, 56.0, 54.2, 41.3, 40.5, 38.6, 32.3, 30.7, 30.1, 29.9, 27.9, 27.2, 27.1, 27.0, 23.7, 10.3.

32.0, 29.6, 28.5, 26.4, 26.3, 26.1, 22.7.

Example 21 Intermediate

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.02 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.35-7.15 (m, 10H), 6.22 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.72 (t, J=5.8, 1H), 4.67-4.59 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.04-2.93 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.58 (m, 9H), 1.49-1.42 (m, 11H), 1.35-1.08 (m, 7H), 0.98-0.77 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 176.3, 171.0, 156.0, 141.6, 141.5, 128.6, 128.5, 127.6, 127.4, 127.2, 78.9, 56.7, 52.63, 52.56, 42.5, 40.2, 34.2, 34.1, 32.2, 32.0, 29.6, 28.5, 26.4, 26.3, 26.1, 22.7.

Example 21

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.67 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.20-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.83-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.24 (m, 13H), 6.17 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.70-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.36 (m, 2H), 3.27-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.83 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.16 (q, J=7.7, 2H), 1.82-1.55 (m, 11H), 1.39-1.14 (m, 6H), 0.99-0.88 (m, 5H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.8, 174.1, 172.9, 142.9, 142.7, 135.9, 134.9, 133.9, 129.63, 129.56, 129.1, 128.9, 128.7, 128.6, 128.5, 128.44, 128.40, 127.1, 126.7, 58.3, 56.0, 54.3, 52.8, 40.5, 40.3, 38.6, 35.2, 34.8, 33.3, 32.2, 29.9, 27.9, 27.5, 27.3, 27.1, 23.7, 10.2.

Example 22 Intermediate

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), S 7.91 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.32-7.16 (m, 10H), 6.22 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.68 (brd., 1H), 4.61-4.53 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.02 (m, 3H), 1.94-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.42 (m, 13H), 1.32-1.09 (m, 4H), 0.93 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 1768, 170.9, 156.0, 141.6, 141.5, 128.6, 128.5, 127.5, 127.4, 127.2, 79.0, 56.7, 52.9, 52.7, 49.2, 40.1, 31.9, 30.7, 30.0, 29.6, 28.5, 22.8.

Example 22

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.66 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.16-8.10 (m, 2H); 7.79-7.74 (m, 3H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.22 (m, 13H), 6.16-6.13 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.80 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.15-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.36-1.27 (m, 3H), 0.95-0.89 (m, 12H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 174.9, 173.6, 172.9, 142.9, 142.7, 136.0, 134.9, 133.9, 129.6, 129.5, 129.1, 128.8, 128.7, 128.64, 128.62, 128.5, 128.41, 128.38, 127.1, 126.7, 58.3, 56.1, 54.3, 52.7, 46.0, 40.5, 38.4, 32.3, 31.4, 30.1, 29.8, 27.9, 23.7, 10.2.

Example 23 Intermediate

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.12 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 7.36-7.14 (m, 10H), 6.20 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.74 (d, J=5.9, 1H), 4.63-4.56 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.78-2.60 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.42 (m, 11H), 1.35-1.23 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ.

Example 23

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.72 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=6.9, 1H), 7.82-7.77 (m, 3H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.47-7.23 (m, 13H), 6.17 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.61-4.54 (m, 2H), 4.43-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.59 (m, 4H), 2.15 (q, d=7.6, 2H), 1.84-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.37-1.29 (m, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ

Example 24 Intermediate

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 8.07 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.34-7.15 (m, 11H), 6.93-6.90 (m, 1H), 6.78-6.77 (m, 1H), 6.22 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 4.76-4.64 (m, 2H), 3.36-2.94 (m, 5H), 1.84-1.63 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.42 (m, 11H), 1.24-1.08 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 174.0, 170.8, 156.1, 141.6, 141.4, 139.2, 128.64, 128.56, 127.54, 127.46, 127.3, 127.0, 126.7, 124.7, 79.0, 56.7, 55.9, 52.6, 40.3, 35.0, 32.3, 29.5, 28.5, 22.6.

Example 24

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.70 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 8.07 (d, J=7.0, 1H), 7.82-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.46-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 11H), 7.17-7.15 (m, 1H), 6.84-6.82 (m, 2H), 6.18 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 4.61-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.47-4.40 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 3H), 3.05-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.83 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.14 (q, J=7.6, 2H), 1.80-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.37-1.32 (m, 2H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.4, 174.0, 172.81, 172.78, 142.9, 142.7, 139.6, 135.9, 134.9, 133.9, 129.62, 129.57, 129.1, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.3, 128.0, 127.8, 127.1, 126.7, 125.6, 58.3, 56.4, 56.2, 54.4, 40.5, 38.7, 32.44, 32.38, 29.8, 27.9, 23.6, 10.2.

3. Synthesis of Examples 25-31.

Scheme 4.

Synthesis of compounds Examples 25-31.

The following compounds were prepared from 4-272 using a similar procedure as that for Example 19. compounds Example 25.

Example 25

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.63 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 8.31 (t, J=8.2, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=6.7, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=7.9, 2H), 7.52-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.23 (m, 10H), 6.14 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.46-4.43 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.84 (t, J=7.0, 2H), 2.27-2.17 (m, 3H), 2.02-1.24 (m, 14H), 1.05 (t, J=7.4, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ177.2, 173.9, 172.8, 172.7, 169.2, 154.0, 142.8, 142.7, 136.5, 129.6, 129.5, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 127.4, 126.5, 123.4, 122.9, 59.1, 58.3, 54.2, 43.2, 40.5, 36.22, 32.19, 30.3, 29.9, 27.9, 26.2, 25.8, 23.7, 10.1.

Example 26

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.63 (d, J=7.3, 1H), 8.39-8.30 (m, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=7.0, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 7.44-7.21 (m, 12H), 6.14 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 4.92-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.46-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.34 (m, 1H), 2.88 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.28-2.14 (m, 3H), 2.03-1.25 (m, 14H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD).

Example 27

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.65 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 8.39-8.30 (m, 2H), 8.09 (d, J=7.3, 1H), 7.95-7.91 (m, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J=2.4, 11.9, 1H), 7.35-7.20 (m, 11H), 6.14 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 4.93-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.44 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.45-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.27-2.14 (m, 3H), 1.84-1.24 (m, 14H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD).

Example 28

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.64 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 8.08 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 7.94-7.89 (m, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=2.6, 8.4, 1H), 7.36-7.22 (m, 11H), 6.16-6.13 (m, 1H), 4.82-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.28-2.17 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.29 (m, 14H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD).

Example 29

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.65 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 8.30 (t, J=7.8, 1H), 8.09 (d, J=7.3, 1H), 7.92-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.40 (dd, J=1.7, 8.6, 1H), 7.34-7.20 (m, 10H), 6.13 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 4.92-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.41 (m, 1H), 4.14-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.37 (m, 2H), 2.84 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.26-2.13 (m, 3H), 1.83-1.23 (m, 14H), 1.05 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ177.2, 173.9, 172.8, 172.5, 171.5, 155.0, 142.8, 142.7, 135.1, 133.3, 129.6, 129.5, 128.8, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 126.7, 124.0, 123.1, 59.0, 58.3, 54.2, 54.1, 43.3, 40.5, 36.3, 32.2, 30.3, 29.9, 28.0, 26.2, 25.8, 23.7, 10.2.

Example 30

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD:CCl₃D=1:1), δ 8.54 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 8.35

(t, J=7.5, 1H), 8.11-8.06 (m, 3H), 7.68 (dd, J=1.9, 8.7, 1H), 7.57-7.41 (m, 10H), 6.36 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 5.09-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.66-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.07 (t, J=7.1, 2H), 2.51-2.33 (m, 3H), 2.09-1.38 (m, 14H), 1.31 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD:CCl₃D=1:1), δ 176.4, 173.1, 171.8, 171.7, 168.9, 151.7, 141.7, 141.6, 136.9, 131.9, 129.1, 129.0, 128.0, 127.97, 127.6, 123.7, 121.9, 58.5, 57.6, 53.34, 53.26, 42.3, 39.9, 35.4, 31.3, 29.7, 29.6, 29.5, 27.1, 25.6, 25.3, 22.8, 9.9.

Example 31

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.64 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 8.10 (t, J=7.2, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=7.7, 1H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.21 (m, 10H), 6.15-6.14 (m, 1H), 4.94-4.93 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.13-4.10 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.86 (t, J=7.3, 2H), 2.28-2.16 (m, 3H), 1.84-1.29 (m, 14H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 173.9, 172.8, 172.5, 169.9, 154.9, 142.8, 142.7, 136.5, 129.6, 129.5, 128.8, 128.6, 128.4, 127.7, 126.1, 122.2, 59.1, 58.3, 54.2, 54.1, 43.3, 40.5, 36.4, 32.2, 30.3, 29.9, 28.0, 26.2, 25.8, 23.7, 10.2.

4. Synthesis of Example 32.

Example 32 was prepared from Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH using a similar procedure as that for Example 25.

4-274:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.63 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.32-7.05 (m, 4H), 5.15-5.10 (m, 1H), 4.96 (brd., 1H), 3.37-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.82-2.70 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.75 (m, 6H), 1.57-1.41 (m, 14H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 174.3, 156.1, 137.4, 136.9, 129.1, 128.4, 127.1, 126.1, 78.9, 55.0, 46.9, 40.1, 34.7, 30.2, 29.8, 29.2, 28.4, 22.9, 20.1.

4-278:

¹HNMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.77 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 7.18-7.04 (m, 4H), 5.14-5.09 (m, 1H), 4.92 (br, 1H), 4.62-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.08-3.06 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.72 (m, 3H), 2.03-2.01 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.77 (m, 4H), 1.66-1.20 (m, 24H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 175.1, 171.1, 156.1, 137.4, 136.5, 129.0, 128.5, 127.0, 126.1, 78.9, 58.3, 52.3, 47.4, 43.5, 40.3, 32.9, 30.2, 29.4, 29.3, 28.4, 27.5, 25.6, 25.4, 22.7, 20.2.

Example 32

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.00 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.49 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7, 1H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 2H), 5.05-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.35-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.13 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 3.54-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.81 (m, 4H), 2.27-2.20 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.29 (m, 18H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.2, 173.9, 172.9, 170.1, 152.7, 138.7, 138.0, 137.5, 132.2, 130.1, 129.5, 128.3, 128.0, 127.1, 124.4, 122.5, 59.2, 54.3, 43.2, 40.6, 36.1, 32.3, 31.2, 30.4, 30.3, 30.2, 29.9, 28.0, 26.2, 25.9, 23.8, 21.4, 10.2.

5. Synthesis of Examples 33 and 34.

Example 33 was prepared from Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH using a similar procedure as that for compound Example 25.

4-276:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.74 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 7.16-7.12 (m, 2H), 6.89-6.78 (m, 2H), 5.08-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.31 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.19-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.41 (m, 16H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 174.7, 156.1, 154.9, 129.1, 128.9, 122.3, 120.6, 116.9, 78.8, 63.3, 54.9, 42.9, 40.1, 34.6, 29.8, 29.1, 28.4, 22.9.

4-277:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.95 (d, J=7.4, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.14-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.77 (m, 2H), 5.11-5.05 (m, 1H), 4.94 (br, 1H), 4.67-4.57 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.07-3.05 (m, 2H), 2.71 (d, J=6.1, 1H), 2.19-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.81-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.67-1.17 (m, 24H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 175.2, 171.3, 156.1, 155.1, 129.4, 128.9, 121.9, 120.6, 116.9, 78.9, 77.5, 77.1, 76.7, 63.3, 58.1, 52.2, 43.5, 43.4, 40.3, 32.9, 29.4, 29.3, 29.1, 28.4, 27.5, 25.6, 25.4, 22.7.

Example 33

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.35-8.22 (m, 2H), 8.06 (d, J=6.9, 1H), 8.00 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7, 1H), 7.14-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.07-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.13-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.36 (m, 2H), 2.91 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.27-1.28 (m, 19H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 173.8, 171.3, 170.5, 169.6, 155.1, 151.7, 137.1, 129.9, 129.7, 129.1, 126.9, 123.8, 123.6, 122.2, 120.6, 116.9, 63.6, 56.3, 52.8, 52.4, 42.8, 36.1, 31.9, 29.1, 29.0, 28.8, 28.6, 27.2, 25.3, 25.0, 22.7, 10.2.

Example 34

Na(AcO)₃BH (4 equiv.) was added to as solution of Example 33 (1 equiv.) and formaldehyde (10 equiv.) in ClCH₂CH₂Cl and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with 10% NaHCO₃ solution and evaporated. The residue was purified by HPLC to give Example 34.

Example 34

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 9.45 (br., 1H), 8.43 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.34 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 8.23 (d, J=2.2, 1H), 8.14 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 7.94-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=2.2, 8.7, 1H), 7.16-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.81 (m, 1H), 6.79-6.77 (m, 1H), 5.03-4.98 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.80 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.15 (m, 4H), 3.55-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.98 (m, 2H), 2.76 (d, J=3.6, 6H), 2.21-2.00 (m, 4H), 1.88-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.24 (m, 14H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 173.8, 171.3, 171.2, 170.5, 169.6, 155.1, 151.7, 137.1, 129.9, 129.7, 129.1, 127.0, 123.8, 123.6, 122.2, 120.6, 116.9, 63.6, 56.9, 56.2, 52.7, 52.5, 42.8, 42.7, 42.6, 36.1, 31.9, 29.2, 29.0, 28.9, 28.6, 25.3, 25.0, 23.8, 22.8, 10.2.

6. Synthesis of Examples 35 & 36.

Example 35 was prepared using a similar procedure as that for Example 25.

Example 35 intermediate: H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.92-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.74 (m, 2H), 5.08-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.94 (br, 1H), 4.53-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.07 (m, 4H), 3.15-3.02 (m, 4H), 2.84-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.17 (m, 30H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 173.9, 171.2, 156.1, 155.0, 154.6, 129.3, 129.0, 121.8, 120.7, 117.0, 79.5, 79.0, 63.3, 58.9, 52.6, 43.5, 40.1, 39.3, 32.6, 29.5, 29.1, 28.8, 28.4, 26.1, 22.7.

Example 35

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.49-8.40 (m, 2H), 8.25 (d, J=7.9, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=2.0, 8.7, 1H), 7.18-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.82 (m, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 5.08-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.80-4.73 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 3H), 3.62-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.06-2.88 (m, 4H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 2H), 2.09-1.23 (m, 15H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.4, 173.4, 172.8, 171.9, 169.8, 156.5, 152.8, 138.0, 132.3, 130.4, 130.1, 128.1, 124.5, 123.3, 122.6, 121.6, 118.0, 64.5, 57.8, 54.8, 54.4, 44.9, 44.8, 40.5, 37.8, 36.2, 32.4, 30.2, 29.9, 28.2, 26.9, 26.0, 24.0, 10.2.

Example 36 was prepared using a similar procedure as that for Example 25.

Example 36

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.65 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (td, J=7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.97-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.05 (m, 2H), 6.85 (td, J=7.5, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.14 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd, J=8.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=9.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.22 (m, 2H), 3.65 (dd, J=14.5, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=15.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.40 (m, 2H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.20-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.87-1.63 (m, 4H), 1.58-1.37 (m, 3H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.99, 172.13, 171.50, 170.21, 166.68, 155.15, 153.65, 150.89, 146.71, 144.47, 142.80, 135.24, 128.93, 128.66, 127.57, 125.20, 124.59, 121.92, 121.73, 120.19, 118.58, 116.56, 63.18, 53.71, 53.20, 52.71, 43.60, 39.08, 35.81, 34.50, 34.08, 30.92, 28.80, 28.44, 26.68, 23.16, 22.53, 8.67.

7. Synthesis of Examples 37 & 38

Examples 37 & 38 were prepared using a similar procedure as that for compounds Examples 33 & 34.

5-31:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.91-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.75 (m, 2H), 5.09-5.07 (m, 1H), 4.90 (br, 1H), 4.58-4.51 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.96-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.36-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.04-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.69 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.97 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.66-1.29 (m, 20H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 174.0, 171.1, 156.1, 155.0, 129.3, 129.0, 121.9, 120.6, 117.0, 79.0, 67.7, 63.3, 58.9, 52.4, 43.4, 40.2, 38.3, 32.9, 29.5, 29.2, 28.4, 26.8, 22.8.

Example 37

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 8.45 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 8.24-8.21 (m, 2H), 7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.71 (br., 3H), 7.53 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.76 (m, 2H), 5.01-4.99 (m, 1H), 4.85-4.84 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.20 (m, 4H), 3.86-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.35-3.18 (m, 3H), 2.78-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.15-1.89 (m, 5H), 1.65-1.14 (m, 11H), 0.94 (t, J=7.5, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 173.9, 171.3, 170.6, 170.4, 169.5, 155.1, 151.7, 137.1, 129.9, 129.6, 129.1, 126.9, 123.8, 123.7, 122.2, 120.6, 116.9, 67.4, 67.2, 63.6, 56.9, 53.0, 52.5, 42.8, 38.2, 36.1, 31.8, 29.5, 29.1, 28.9, 28.6, 27.1, 22.8, 10.2.

Example 38

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 9.42 (br., 1H), 8.49 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 8.36 (d, J=9.4, 1H), 8.27-8.24 (m, 2H), 7.94-7.90 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.57 (br., 1H), 5.01-4.99 (m, 1H), 4.86-4.83 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.84-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.52-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.02-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.76 (s, 6H), 2.15-1.88 (m, 6H), 1.61-1.15 (m, 10H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 173.9, 171.2, 170.6, 170.4, 169.6, 155.1, 151.7, 137.1, 129.9, 129.6, 129.1, 127.0, 123.8, 123.7, 122.3, 120.6, 116.9, 67.2, 63.6, 56.9, 52.5, 51.8, 42.7, 42.6, 36.1, 31.8, 29.5, 29.2, 28.9, 28.6, 23.8, 22.8, 10.2.

9. Synthesis of Examples 39-42. If DI-75-2 is Described Somewhere, it Will have to be Numbered Near the End.

Compounds Examples 39 & 40 were prepared using a similar procedure as that for Examples 33 & 34.

5-2-1:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 7.30-7.18 (m, 4H), 5.08-5.06 (m, 1H), 4.84-4.74 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.39 (m, 1H), 4.11-3.91 (m, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=6.7, 1H), 3.52-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.09-2.95 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.39 (m, 22H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 169.6, 158.6, 156.9, 135.3, 134.3, 130.4, 129.4, 128.1, 127.5, 81.7, 80.0, 54.3, 48.3, 47.0, 46.2, 40.8, 32.4, 30.5, 28.8, 23.0.

5-2-2:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 7.30-7.19 (m, 4H), 5.07-5.00 (m, 1H), 4.84-4.71 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.10 (t, J=6.7, 2H), 1.87-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.49-1.41 (m, 22H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 168.3, 157.2, 155.6, 133.8, 132.9, 128.7, 127.9, 126.9, 126.1, 80.6, 78.6, 53.0, 46.9, 45.6, 44.9, 39.4, 30.9, 29.1, 27.4, 27.3, 21.8.

Example 39 Intermediate

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.54-8.48 (m, 2H), 7.32-7.22 (m, 4H), 5.06-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.79-4.77 (m, 1H), 4.51-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.06-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.66 (m, 8H), 1.52-1.44 (m, 24H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 171.6, 168.5, 157.2, 155.3, 133.7, 133.6, 128.5, 127.7, 126.6, 126.0, 80.3, 78.5, 56.7, 53.3, 46.7, 45.6, 44.8, 42.0, 39.7, 31.6, 29.2, 28.53, 28.49, 27.39, 27.38, 24.5, 24.4, 22.8.

Example 39

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.40 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 8.23-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.00 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.89 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7, 1H), 7.33-7.23 (m, 4H), 5.23 (t, J=5.2, 1H), 4.66-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.49-4.33 (m, 2H), 4.31-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.34 (m, 3H), 2.90 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 2.26-2.18 (m, 3H), 1.87-1.26 (m, 14H), 1.04 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.4, 174.4, 174.3, 173.2, 169.8, 152.8, 137.9, 132.9, 132.3, 129.89, 128.85, 129.7, 128.1, 127.8, 124.4, 122.6, 59.9, 54.9, 54.5, 46.9, 45.9, 45.4, 42.8, 40.5, 35.9, 31.7, 30.5, 30.3, 29.8, 28.0, 26.1, 25.8, 23.9, 101.

Example 40

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.27-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.04 (d, J=1.8, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.54-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.28 (m, 4H), 5.31-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.77-4.70 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.45 (m, 2H), 4.33-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.09-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.55-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.13-3.10 (m, 3H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.29-2.22 (m, 3H), 1.88-1.31 (m, 14H), 1.07 (t, J=7.5, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 177.4, 174.5, 174.4, 173.2, 169.9, 152.8, 138.0, 132.3, 130.1, 130.02, 129.96, 129.8, 128.1, 127.6, 124.4, 122.6, 58.7, 55.9, 54.7, 54.5, 46.0, 43.5, 42.9, 41.1, 38.9, 35.9, 31.7, 30.5, 30.3, 29.8, 26.2, 25.9, 25.0, 23.9, 10.1.

Examples 41 & 42 were prepared using a similar procedure as that for compounds Examples 33 & 34.

5-65:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.68 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 7.15-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.87-6.82 (m, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.1, 1H), 5.09-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.02 (m, 4H), 3.46-3.42 (m, 1H), 2.66 (br, 2H), 2.18-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.30 (m, 10H), 1.21-1.06 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 174.8, 155.0, 154.8, 129.1, 122.2, 120.7, 117.1, 79.4, 63.3, 52.5, 43.8, 43.1, 41.8, 32.7, 31.2, 29.0, 28.4.

5-61:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 7.17-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.73 (m, 2H), 5.06-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.46 (t, J=7.4, 1H), 4.21-4.14 (m, 2H), 4.05-3.96 (m, 4H), 3.74 (d, J=6.5, 1H), 3.44-3.34 (m, 2H), 2.69 (br., 2H), 2.14-2.06 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.73-1.29 (m, 18H), 1.21-1.02 (m, 2H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 172.1, 172.0, 155.1, 155.0, 129.0, 128.6, 122.0, 120.1, 116.5, 79.6, 67.0, 66.9, 63.1, 56.9, 51.2, 43.5, 43.4, 38.2, 37.1, 32.4, 32.0, 31.1, 28.8, 28.4, 27.9, 27.3.

Example 41

¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6), 8.58-8.51 (m, 2H), 8.37-8.23 (m, 4H), 7.95-7.92 (m, 2H), 7.54-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.08 (m, 2H), 6.86-6.77 (m, 2H), 5.00-4.98 (m, 1H), 4.84-4.83 (m, 1H), 4.36-4.20 (m, 6H), 3.87-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.26 (m, 3H), 2.80-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.15-1.76 (m, 8H), 1.56-1.24 (m, 9H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6, 3H); 1.21-1.0C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 173.9, 171.3, 170.6, 170.4, 169.6, 155.1, 151.7, 137.1, 129.9, 129.7, 129.1, 126.9, 123.8, 123.6, 122.2, 120.6, 116.9, 67.4, 63.6, 57.0, 52.5, 50.6, 43.6, 42.8, 38.4, 38.1, 36.2, 30.4, 29.6, 29.1, 29.0, 28.9, 28.7, 28.2, 10.2.

Example 42 DI-415 needs to be inserted here.

8. Synthesis of Example 12X. DI-423 not in SAR Table. If being Added, Put at End.

Compounds DI-423 were prepared using a similar procedure as that for Example 33.

5-80:

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 7.64 (d, J=7.8, 1H), 7.21-7.12 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.83 (m, 2H), 5.15-5.11 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.13 (m, 4H), 3.32 (d, J=3.8, 1H), 2.75-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.26-2.00 (m, 3H), 1.79-1.23 (m, 15H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃), δ 173.1, 155.1, 154.7, 129.2, 129.1, 122.1, 120.8, 117.2, 79.5, 63.3, 59.1, 43.7, 43.2, 39.3, 29.2, 28.5, 25.8.

5-47:

¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.76 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 7.18-7.13 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.78 (m, 2H), 5.14-5.08 (m, 1H), 4.47 (t, J=6.9, 1H), 4.27-4.19 (m, 3H), 4.15-4.01 (m, 4H), 3.81 (d, J=6.5, 1H), 3.48-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.77 (br., 2H), 2.20-2.07 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.82 (m, 3H), 1.70-1.20 (m, 17H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 170.4, 167.5, 155.1, 155.0, 128.9, 128.7, 121.9, 120.2, 116.6, 79.7, 67.0, 63.1, 57.8, 57.7, 56.9, 43.4, 38.0, 37.2, 28.9, 28.3, 28.1, 27.3.

Example 12XDI-423

¹HNMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 8.76-8.64 (m, 2H), 8.38-8.33 (m, 3H), 8.23 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.99-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.52 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7, 1H), 7.18-7.13 (m, 1H), 7.06-6.99 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.77 (m, 2H), 5.03-5.01 (m, 1H), 4.88-4.81 (m, 1H), 4.33 (t, J=7.6, 1H), 4.25-4.20 (m, 2H), 4.07-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.84 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.34-3.22 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.14-1.67 (m, 9H), 1.46-1.15 (m, 8H), 0.94 (t, J=7.6, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO-D6), δ 173.8, 170.7, 170.6, 169.60, 169.55, 155.1, 151.7, 137.1, 129.9, 129.5, 129.1, 126.9, 123.8, 123.5, 122.2, 120.6, 117.0, 67.4, 67.2, 63.5, 60.2, 56.6, 52.4, 43.0, 42.7, 38.3, 36.2, 29.5, 29.2, 28.9, 25.5, 21.2, 10.2.

9. Synthesis of Examples 43 & 44.

Compounds Examples 43 & 44 were prepared using a similar procedure as that for compounds Examples 33 & 34.

5-84:

¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.61-8.53 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.19 (m, 4H), 5.05-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.91-4.79 (m, 1H), 4.52-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.37-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.00 (m, 3H), 3.77-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.37 (m, 3H), 3.06-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.16-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.65 (m, 4), 1.52-1.43 (m, 24H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 171.8, 167.6, 157.2, 155.3, 133.7, 133.6, 128.5, 127.7, 126.6, 125.9, 80.2, 78.5, 67.0, 66.9, 57.0, 53.5, 46.7, 45.6, 44.8, 42.0, 39.7, 31.6, 29.2, 28.53, 28.49, 27.39, 27.38, 24.5, 24.4, 22.8.

Example 43

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.33 (d, J=6.5, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=7.4, 1H), 8.01 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 7.36-7.27 (m, 4H), 5.24 (t, J=6.2, 1H), 4.74-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.49-4.27 (m, 3H), 4.14-4.13 (m, 1H), 3.90-3.88 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.37 (m, 6H), 2.90 (t, J=7.0, 2H), 2.24 (q, J=7.4, 2H), 1.99-1.30 (m, 11H), 1.06 (t, J=7.5, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 176.0, 172.9, 171.8, 171.7, 168.4, 151.4, 136.6, 131.6, 130.9, 128.5, 128.3, 128.2, 126.7, 126.4, 123.0, 121.2, 67.2, 67.1, 58.4, 53.5, 53.2, 45.4, 44.5, 44.0, 39.1, 36.9, 34.6, 30.4, 29.2, 28.9, 28.4, 26.6, 22.5, 8.7.

Example 44

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD), δ 8.54 (d, J=6.7, 1H), 8.15-8.08 (m, 2H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.39-7.30 (m, 4H), 5.34-5.32 (m, 1H), 4.70 (t, J=7.3, 1H), 4.56-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.24 (m, 1H), 4.03-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.38 (m, 5H), 3.25-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.17 (m, 12H), 1.00 (t, J=7.5, 3H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 175.7, 173.1, 172.8, 171.9, 167.9, 151.5, 136.6, 131.6, 131.0, 128.6, 128.5, 128.4, 126.8, 126.4, 123.1, 121.2, 67.1, 67.0, 58.9, 54.2, 53.7, 45.6, 44.5, 43.7, 39.0, 36.2, 34.4, 29.9, 29.0, 28.4, 28.0, 26.6, 22.7, 8.7.

Synthesis of Example 45.

Example 45 was synthesized as shown in scheme 12.

5-49:

¹HNMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.53 (d, J=7.9, 2H), 7.20-7.14 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.85 (m, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.02H), 5.13-5.09 ((m, 2H), 1H), 4.43-4.38 ((m, 1H), 4.28-4.18 (m, 7H); 2H), 4.05-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.10 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.89 (m, 8H), 2.16-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.66 (m, 11), 1.46-1.44 (m, 11H), 1.15-1.02 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 171.5, 169.4, 157.3, 155.1, 128.9, 128.7, 122.0, 120.3, 116.6, 78.4, 63.1, 57.3, 54.4, 53.1, 50.9, 43.4, 42.0, 38.8, 38.1, 33.2, 32.6, 31.8, 31.3, 30.0, 29.9, 28.8, 27.4, 23.7, 22.3.

Example 45

¹H NMR (300 MHz, CD3OD), δ 8.02 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.7, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=2.1, 8.7, 1H), 7.16-7.11 (m, 2H), 6.88-6.77 (m, 2H), 5.07 (t, J=5.7, 1H), 4.82-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.41-4.31 (m, 2H), 4.24 (t, J=5.3, 2H), 3.58-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.11 (t, J=8.0, 2H), 2.89 (s, 6H), 2.76 (d, J=7.0, 2H), 2.30-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.16-1.24 (In, 16H), 1.11-0.85 (m, 7H); ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CD3OD), δ 175.9, 173.3, 171.8, 171.5, 168.6, 155.2, 151.4, 136.6, 130.8, 129.0, 128.7, 126.7, 123.1, 121.9, 121.2, 120.2, 116.6, 63.0, 57.3, 52.9, 51.6, 44.9, 43.4, 42.0, 38.4, 35.9, 34.7, 33.4, 32.3, 30.84, 30.75, 29.6, 29.4, 28.8, 28.5, 23.6, 22.4, 8.8.

10. Synthesis of Examples 46-52.

(S)-2-amino-N-((2S,3S)-1-azido-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamide, 8-35defmoc

To a solution of the 6-85 (2.0 g, 4.1 mmol, 1 equiv.), HBTU (2.3 g, 6.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and DIEA (2.1 mL, 12.3 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DMF (20 mL) was added (2S,3 S)-1-azido-3-methylpentan-2-amine hydrochloride (0.8 g, 4.5 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O, saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 3 mL diethylamine in Acetonitrile (27 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford 8-35defmoc (1.2 g 77%). 8-35defmoc: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.94 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (dd, J=7.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (td, J=7.3, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J=16.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=16.6, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=12.8, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.06 (dq, J=13.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.70-1.60 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.50 (m, 1H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.24-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.96-0.91 (m, 6H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 167.35, 164.24, 151.02, 146.98, 135.29, 125.36, 122.10, 118.60, 53.74, 52.01, 36.06, 34.11, 34.05, 24.98, 23.15, 14.16, 10.11. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₁₉H₂₉N₆OS⁺ 389.21, found 389.36[M+H]⁺.

(S)-2-acetamido-N-((2S,3S)-1-azido-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamide, 7-120-1

Acetic anhydride (46 mg, 0.45 mmoL, 2 equiv.) was added to a solution of 8-35defmoc (87 mg, 0.22 mmoL, 1 equiv.) and DIEA (156 μL, 0.89 mmol, 4 equiv.) in DCM (10 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for half an hour and then was evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford compounds 7-120-1 (89 mg, 92% yields). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.91 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.36 (m, 2H), 5.06 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.02-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.64 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.37 (qd, J=12.6, 5.3 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.21-1.03 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 171.12, 169.86, 168.43, 148.60, 147.43, 134.34, 126.28, 121.25, 118.98, 53.54, 52.41, 52.37, 36.15, 35.62, 34.29, 25.06, 24.10, 22.97, 15.39, 11.19. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₁H₃₁N₆O₂S⁺ 431.22, found 431.36[M+H]⁺.

Example 46. (S)-2-acetamido-N-((2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamide

To a solution of compound 7-120-1 (45 mg, 0.11 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added 10% Pd-C (20 mg). The solution was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ at room temperature for 3 hours before filtering through celite and being concentrated. The resulting amine was purified by HPLC to afford Example 46 (38 mg, 91%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.92-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.36 (m, 1H), 4.87-4.85 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=15.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=15.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.6, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.03 (s, 3H), 1.68-1.54 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.21-1.06 (m, 1H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 172.45, 171.81, 167.06, 150.90, 146.80, 135.18, 125.31, 121.29, 118.67, 53.09, 52.09, 41.76, 36.51, 34.60, 34.08, 24.77, 23.14, 21.18, 14.22, 9.75. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₁H₃₃N₄O₂S⁺ 405.23, found 405.25[M+H]⁺.

(S)—N-((2S,3S)-1-azido-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide, 7-120-2

Propionic anhydride (58 mg, 0.45 mmoL, 2 equiv.) was added to a solution of 8-35defmoc (87 mg, 0.22 mmoL, 1 equiv.) and DIEA (156 μL, 0.89 mmol, 4 equiv.) in DCM (10 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for half an hour and then was evaporated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford compounds 7-120-12 (86 mg, 89% yields). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.94 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (dd, J=12.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.75 (dd, J=15.3, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.3, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (qd, J=12.6, 5.4 Hz, 2H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.31 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.68-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.20-1.05 (m, 4H), 0.92 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 175.27, 169.85, 169.08, 147.86, 147.47, 133.89, 126.67, 120.89, 119.04, 53.65, 52.49, 52.36, 36.20, 35.35, 34.30, 29.42, 25.07, 24.05, 24.04, 15.32, 11.17, 9.61. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₂H₃₃N₆O₂S⁺ 445.24, found 445.37[M+H]⁺.

Example 47. (S)—N-((2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

To a solution of compound 7-120-2 (52 mg, 0.12 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added 10% Pd-C (20 mg). The solution was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ at room temperature for 3 hours before filtering through celite and being concentrated. The resulting amine was purified by HPLC to afford Example 47 (36 mg, 86%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.90-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.09-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=15.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=15.2, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.30 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.67-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.20-1.07 (m, 4H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.86 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.05, 171.86, 167.09, 150.90, 146.78, 135.16, 125.30, 121.28, 118.66, 52.92, 52.07, 41.77, 36.54, 34.55, 34.07, 28.54, 24.74, 23.14, 14.24, 9.76, 8.71. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₂H₃₅N₄O₂S⁺ 419.25, found 419.29 [M+H]⁺.

Example 48

(S)—N-((2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-2-formamido-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamide

8-35 defmoc (100 mg, 0.26 mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of DIEA (1 mL) and Ethyl formate (5 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was left stirring for 3 days. The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 ml). Then 10% Pd-C (20 mg) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ at room temperature for 3 hours before filtering through celite and being concentrated. The resulting amine was purified by HPLC to afford Example 48 (58 mg, 58%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.18 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=15.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.3, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=12.9, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=12.9, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 1.68-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.48-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.21-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 171.17, 166.62, 162.68, 150.95, 146.81, 135.20, 125.30, 121.29, 118.67, 52.15, 52.06, 51.53, 41.84, 36.56, 34.73, 34.07, 24.76, 23.13, 14.20, 9.73. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₀H₃₁N₄O₂S⁺ 391.22, found 391.22 [M+H]⁺.

Example 49

(S)-2-amino-N-((2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamide

To a solution of compound 8-35defmoc (36 mg, 0.09 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added 10% Pd-C (20 mg). The solution was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ at room temperature for 3 hours before filtering through celite and being concentrated. The resulting amine was purified by HPLC to afford Example 49 (28 mg, 83%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.97-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.54 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.09 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.28 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.03 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.60-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.34 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.28-1.20 (m, 1H), 1.01 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 168.43, 164.33, 151.03, 147.22, 135.21, 125.60, 121.54, 118.81, 52.49, 52.02, 41.45, 36.70, 34.10, 33.67, 24.83, 23.10, 14.05, 10.01. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₁₉H₃₂N₄OS²⁺ 182.11, found 182.21 [M+2H]²⁺.

Example 50

(S)—N-((2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-2-isobutyramido-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)propanamide: Example 50 was prepared from 8-35defmoc in 72% yield over two steps by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 46. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.33 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.09-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=15.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=15.2, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.26 (dd, J=13.4, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.02-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.53 (dt, J=13.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.68-1.57 (m, 1H), 1.50-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.23-1.04 (m, 7H), 0.95 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 179.04, 171.85, 167.11, 150.91, 146.78, 135.14, 125.30, 121.24, 118.67, 52.71, 52.02, 41.85, 36.59, 34.59, 34.45, 34.07, 24.69, 23.13, 18.48, 18.17, 14.25, 9.78. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₂S⁺ 433.26, found 433.29 [M+H]⁺.

Example 51

N—((S)-1-(((2S,3 S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)amino)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)butyramide: Example 51was prepared from 8-35defmoc in 70% yield over two steps by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 46. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.91-7.75 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.02-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=15.2, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=15.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=13.1, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=12.8, 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.35-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.55 (m, 3H), 1.49-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.19-1.12 (m, 1H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 9H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.14, 171.86, 167.08, 150.93, 146.77, 135.17, 125.29, 121.28, 118.66, 52.90, 52.06, 41.78, 37.32, 36.56, 34.61, 34.07, 24.74, 23.14, 18.76, 14.23, 12.56, 9.78. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₃H₃₇N₄O₂S⁺ 433.26, found 433.29 [M+H]⁺.

Example 52. (S)—N-((2S,3S)-1-amino-3-methylpentan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(3-methylureido)propanamide

Methyl isocyanate (18 mg, 0.31 mmol, 2 equiv.) was added to a solution of 8-35defmoc (60 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1 equiv.) and DIEA (54 μL, 0.31 mmol, 2 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was dissolved in MeOH (10 ml). Then 10% Pd-C (20 mg) was added and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred under 1 atm of H₂ at room temperature for 3 hours before filtering through celite and being concentrated. The resulting amine was purified by HPLC to afford Example 52 (58 mg, 74%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.61 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 3.24 (dd, J=12.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=12.8, 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (s, 3H), 1.58 (dtd, J=8.8, 7.3, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 1.44-1.35 (m, 1H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.12-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.91 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.79 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 172.94, 167.09, 159.77, 150.97, 146.68, 135.23, 125.18, 121.40, 118.59, 53.78, 52.00, 41.73, 36.52, 35.24, 34.07, 25.54, 24.79, 23.15, 14.24, 9.70. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₁H₃₄N₅O₂S⁺ 420.24, found 419.29 [M+H]⁺.

11. Synthesis of Examples 53-55 and Analogs.

Example 53

Example 53. (S)—N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

To a solution of the 6-85 (120 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1 equiv.), HBTU (140 mg, 0.37 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and DIEA (129 μL, 0.74 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DMF (5 mL) was added tert-butyl (2-aminoethyl)carbamate (43 mg, 0.27 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and the resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O, saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 1 mL diethylamine in Acetonitrile (9 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and dissolved in DCM (5 mL). This solution was treated with propionic anhydride (64 mg, 0.49 mmoL, 2 equiv.) and DIEA (171 μL, 0.99 mmol, 4 equiv.). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for half an hour and then was evaporated. The residue was treated with TFA (1 ml) in DCM (5 mL) and stirred for 5 h. This reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by HPLC to afford Example 53 (54 mg, 61%). H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J=8.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=15.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.56-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.10-3.03 (m, 3H), 2.28 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.09 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.04, 172.38, 166.94, 150.80, 146.73, 135.22, 125.26, 121.46, 118.60, 53.15, 39.46, 36.83, 34.93, 34.07, 28.50, 23.14, 8.56. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₁₈H₂₇N₄O₂S⁺ 363.18, found 363.18 [M+H]⁺.

Example 54

(S)—N—((S)-1-aminopropan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 54 was prepared from 6-85 in 57% yield over four steps by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 53. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86-7.83 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (dd, J=7.1, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=15.0, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (dd, J=15.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.17-2.91 (m, 3H), 2.28 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.25 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.90, 171.51, 166.97, 150.86, 146.75, 135.21, 125.29, 121.29, 118.65, 52.91, 44.65, 43.71, 35.02, 34.07, 28.52, 23.14, 16.39, 8.65. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₁₉H₂₉N₄O₂S⁺ 377.20, found 377.23 [M+H]⁺.

Example 55

(S)—N—((S)-1-amino-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 55 was prepared from 6-85 in 53% yield over four steps by a similar procedure as that for Example 53. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.18 (m, 5H), 4.81 (dd, J=7.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J=15.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=15.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.10-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.24 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.96, 171.68, 167.04, 150.86, 146.74, 136.78, 135.18, 128.77, 128.31, 126.58, 125.27, 121.31, 118.64, 52.86, 49.38, 43.08, 37.43, 34.73, 34.07, 28.49, 23.14, 8.60. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₅H₃₃N₄O₂S⁺ 453.23, found 453.24 [M+H]⁺.

12. Synthesis of Example 56-79.

These compounds were synthesized using the synthetic route shown above.

(S)—N—((S)-2-azido-1-cyclohexylethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide, 6-88

Compound 6-88 was prepared from 6-85 in 65% yield three steps by a similar procedure as that for compound 7-120-2. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.39 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.04 (td, J=7.0, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=15.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=15.9, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (dd, J=5.0, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 3.04 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.60 (dd, J=28.1, 15.3 Hz, 6H), 1.52-1.41 (m, 1H), 1.32-0.87 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.11, 170.30, 167.09, 150.97, 146.46, 135.25, 125.39, 121.98, 118.79, 53.54, 52.31, 51.92, 38.95, 35.50, 34.24, 29.69, 29.65, 28.51, 26.09, 25.91, 25.85, 24.18, 9.68. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₄H₃₅N₆O₂S⁺ 471.25, found 471.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 56. (S)—N—((S)-2-amino-1-cyclohexylethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 56 was prepared from 6-88 in 88% yield by a similar procedure as that for Example 47. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.99 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.87-4.84 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.90 (m, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=15.3, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (dd, J=15.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.12-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.31 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.75-1.63 (m, 5H), 1.54-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.36-0.90 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.08, 171.86, 167.03, 150.94, 146.76, 135.15, 125.30, 121.33, 118.65, 52.99, 52.48, 41.73, 39.59, 34.51, 34.08, 29.39, 28.57, 28.25, 25.70, 25.50, 25.43, 23.14, 8.70. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₄H₃₇N₄O₂S⁺ 445.26, found 445.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 57. (S)—N—((S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-(2-morpholinoacetamido)ethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 56 (40 mg, 0.09 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added to a solution of the 2-morpholinoacetic acid (16 mg, 0.11 mmol, 1.2 equiv.), HBTU (51 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and DIEA (47 μL, 0.27 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DCM (5 mL). The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to afford Example 57 (45 mg, 87%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.91 (s, 1H), 4.14-3.75 (m, 8H), 3.65 (dd, J=15.5, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.58-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.17-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.35 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 6H), 1.38-0.86 (m, 15H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.25, 171.48, 167.27, 164.01, 150.97, 146.76, 135.17, 125.30, 121.58, 118.68, 63.38, 56.94, 53.98, 53.03, 52.57, 40.82, 39.59, 34.73, 34.09, 29.59, 28.74, 28.41, 25.85, 25.62, 25.54, 23.16, 23.14, 8.75. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₀H₄₆N₅O₄S⁺ 572.33, found 572.21[M+H]⁺.

Example 58

(S)—N—((S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-(3-morpholinopropanamido)ethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide: Example 58 was prepared from Example 56 in 81% yield by a similar procedure as that for Example 57. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (dd, J=7.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.07-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.64 (dd, J=15.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.37 (m, 6H), 3.17-3.06 (m, 4H), 2.69 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 5H), 1.39-0.86 (m, 15H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.00, 171.58, 170.51, 167.14, 150.98, 146.74, 135.17, 125.28, 121.57, 118.63, 63.61, 54.19, 53.25, 53.18, 51.89, 40.78, 39.66, 34.80, 34.09, 29.55, 28.72, 28.47, 28.43, 25.87, 25.66, 25.58, 23.16, 23.15, 8.73. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₁H₄₈N₅O₄S⁺ 586.34, found 586.29 [M+H]⁺.

Example 59

N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)-4-morpholinobutanamide: Example 59 was prepared from Example 56 in 79% yield by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 57. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.15-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.72 (m, 3H), 3.65 (dd, J=15.3, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.60-3.50 (m, 3H), 3.47 (dd, J=15.3, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18-2.93 (m, 6H), 2.46-2.25 (m, 4H), 1.99-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.74-1.64 (m, 5H), 1.39-0.89 (m, 15H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.91, 173.84, 171.45, 167.24, 150.96, 146.75, 135.20, 125.28, 121.56, 118.64, 63.91, 57.05, 53.74, 53.10, 51.88, 51.83, 40.98, 39.69, 34.90, 34.09, 32.56, 29.60, 28.65, 28.43, 25.91, 25.64, 25.58, 23.16, 18.89, 8.74. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₂H₅₀N₅O₄S⁺ 600.36, found 600.24 [M+H]⁺.

Example 60 was prepared from Example 56 in 86% yield by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 57. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.94-7.93 (m, 1H), 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.62 (m, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.90 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=15.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.43 (m, 4H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.01-2.76 (m, 5H), 2.46-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.05-185 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.39-0.87 (m, 15H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.91, 174.22, 171.37, 167.17, 151.01, 146.72, 135.23, 125.25, 121.60, 118.64, 54.34, 53.47, 53.03, 42.51, 40.67, 39.79, 39.28, 34.96, 34.08, 29.53, 28.66, 28.33, 26.21, 26.11, 25.89, 25.71, 25.65, 23.17, 23.15, 8.69.

Example 61was prepared from Example 56 by a similar procedure as that for Example 57. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.80 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 2H), 7.78-7.76 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.89 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.69 (dd, J=13.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J=15.4, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.46-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.05 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.30 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.81-1.63 (m, 5H), 1.56-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.35-0.95 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.69, 171.60, 167.02, 165.10, 150.85, 146.60, 146.04, 135.13, 125.15, 123.26, 121.51, 118.54, 54.44, 52.85, 41.86, 39.72, 34.92, 34.04, 29.60, 28.60, 28.46, 25.90, 25.72, 25.66, 23.14, 8.71.

Example 62: N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide

Example 56 (150 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added to a solution of the 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (93 mg, 0.40 mmol, 1.2 equiv.), HBTU (192 mg, 0.51 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and DIEA (176 μL, 1.01 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DCM (10 mL). The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and concentrated. The residue was dissolve in EtOAc and washed with H₂O, saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with TFA (2 ml) in DCM (10 mL) and stirred for 5 h. This reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by HPLC to afford Example 62 (139 mg, 74%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (dd, J=7.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (ddd, J=10.2, 7.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.4, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.53-3.36 (m, 4H), 3.12-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.98-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.98-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.39-0.92 (m, 15H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.87, 174.55, 171.35, 167.22, 150.93, 146.73, 135.21, 125.25, 121.57, 118.63, 54.31, 53.02, 42.89, 40.66, 39.79, 39.39, 34.95, 34.08, 29.54, 28.66, 28.32, 25.89, 25.72, 25.66, 25.14, 25.08, 23.16, 8.70. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₀H₄₆N₅O₃S⁺ 556.33, found 556.22 [M+H]⁺.

Example 63

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.94-7.91 (m, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.84 (m, 5H), 4.20-3.65 (m, 4H), 3.64-3.39 (m, 4H), 3.21-3.06 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.32 (dd, J=14.7, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.19-1.94 (m, 4H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.43-0.95 (m, 15H).

Example 64

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.0, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.50-3.35 (m, 9H), 3.16-3.03 (m, 2H), 2.33 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.13-1.98 (m, 6H), 1.72-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.39-0.91 (m, 15H).

Example 65

¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.92 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.48 (dd, J=13.6, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.39 (dd, J=15.2, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.05 (dt, J=13.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.63 (m, 5H), 1.56-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.36-0.99 (m, 15H).

Example 66

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.83-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.84-4.82 (m, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 3.90-3.81 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.82-1.59 (m, 5H), 1.53-1.45 (m, 1H), 1.37-0.93 (m, 14H).

Example 67

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.77 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 7.82-7.80 (m, 2H), 7.40 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.97-4.95 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.73 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.21 (m, 3H), 3.10-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.31 (dd, J=15.2, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.56 (m, 5H), 1.39-1.08 (m, 15H).

Example 68

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.4, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 4.85 (dd, J=7.7, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.31-4.11 (m, 4H), 3.87-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.15 (dd, J=13.7, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.34 (dt, J=15.0, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 1.71-1.60 (m, 5H), 1.38-0.88 (m, 15H).

Example 69

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.86-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.49-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.16-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.45 (m, 4H), 3.19-2.89 (m, 5H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 6H), 1.37-0.92 (m, 15H).

Example 70

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (dd, J=8.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.89 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.42 (m, 5H), 3.26-2.97 (m, 4H), 2.85 (td, J=13.2, 2.9 Hz, 2H), 2.47-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.12-1.82 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.62 (m, 6H), 1.40-0.92 (m, 18H).

Example 71

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.90-4.88 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.78 (m, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.42 (m, 5H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.15-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.38-0.99 (m, 21H).

Example 72

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.89 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.72-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.53-3.38 (m, 3H), 3.24-3.19 (m, 1H), 3.14-2.89 (m, 4H), 2.49-2.38 (m, 1H), 2.32 (dd, J=15.2, 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.11-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.72-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.38-0.93 (m, 15H).

Example 73

¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.89 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (d, J=9.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.90 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.65 (m, 2H), 3.54-3.46 (m, 3H), 3.39-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.16-3.02 (m, 4H), 2.37-2.23 (m, 4H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.69 (dd, J=25.9, 10.8 Hz, 6H), 1.35-0.94 (m, 15H). Not in DB but I added it at end.

Example 74

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.99-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.81-4.74 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.59 (m, 3H), 3.57-3.41 (m, 5H), 3.13-3.00 (m, 4H), 2.46-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.33 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.11-1.90 (m, 4H), 1.66 (dd, J=33.3, 9.2 Hz, 6H), 1.40-0.91 (m, 15H).

Example 75

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.90 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.61 (dd, J=15.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.56-3.43 (m, 3H), 3.38 (dd, J=13.9, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.15-3.04 (m, 4H), 2.86 (s, 3H), 2.38-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.17-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 7H), 1.42-0.97 (m, 15H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.77, 171.31, 167.15, 158.90, 150.97, 146.63, 135.27, 125.17, 121.60, 118.58, 54.95, 53.61, 53.58, 53.03, 44.53, 42.30, 40.87, 39.76, 35.22, 34.09, 30.01, 29.92, 29.55, 28.66, 28.35, 25.95, 25.81, 25.76, 23.16, 8.74.

Example 76

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.89 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.91 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.58 (m, 4H), 3.49 (dd, J=15.4, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.4-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.30-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.02 (m, 4H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.35 (m, 2H), 2.29 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.03-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.64 (m, 5H), 1.42-0.95 (m, 15H).

Example 77

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94-4.90 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.61 (dd, J=15.3, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (dd, J=15.3, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.42-3.34 (m, 3H), 3.18-2.99 (m, 4H), 2.30 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.14-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.78-1.54 (m, 7H), 1.41-0.93 (m, 15H).

Example 78

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.66 (s, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J=7.3, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.85-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (dd, J=7.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (dd, J=5.1, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.05-3.86 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.49 (m, 2H), 3.42 (dd, J=15.2, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (q, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 1.80-1.64 (m, 5H), 1.52-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.34-1.04 (m, 14H).

Example 79. (S)—N—((S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 56 (45 mg, 0.1 mmol) and formaldehyde solution 37 wt. % in H₂O (66 mg, 0.8 mmol) were mixed in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) and then treated with sodium triacetoxyborohydride (86 mg, 0.4 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h until Example 56 was consumed. Then the reaction mixture was quenched by adding 1N NaOH, and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to give 729 (40 mg, 83%). Example 79: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.92-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.01-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=15.5, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=15.4, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.11-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s, 6H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.47 (m, 6H), 1.36-0.84 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.63, 172.01, 166.81, 151.01, 146.72, 135.19, 125.24, 121.61, 118.62, 59.32, 53.34, 50.15, 40.15, 34.09, 34.06, 29.23, 28.55, 28.02, 25.63, 25.49, 25.42, 23.15, 23.14, 8.62. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₆H₄₁N₄O₂S⁺ 473.29, found 473.32 [M+H]⁺.

13. Synthesis of Examples 80-.

Example 80. (S)—N—((S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-morpholinoethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Hydrogen chloride solution (4.0 M in dioxane, 1 mL) was added to a solution of tert-butyl (S)-(1-cyclohexyl-2-morpholinoethyl)carbamate(Wang, S.; Seto, C. T. Enantioselective addition of vinylzinc reagents to 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline N-oxide. Org Lett 2006, 8, 3979-3982). ² (30 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) in MeOH (5 mL). The solution was stirred for overnight and concentrated. The residue in DMF (2 mL) was added to a solution of the 6-85 (47 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1 equiv.), HBTU (55 mg, 0.14 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and DIEA (50 μL, 0.29 mmol, 3 equiv.) in DMF (20 mL). The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O, saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with 0.5 mL diethylamine in Acetonitrile (5 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated and dissolved in DCM (5 mL). This solution was treated with propionic anhydride (25 mg, 0.2 mmoL, 2 equiv.) and DIEA (69 μL, 0.4 mmol, 4 equiv.). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for half an hour and then was evaporated. The residue was purified by HPLC to afford Example 80 (31 mg, 63%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.18-3.71 (m, 6H), 3.68-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.56 (dd, J=15.4, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.33 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.01 (m, 3H), 2.35 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.70-1.45 (m, 6H), 1.35-0.87 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.80, 171.98, 166.40, 151.02, 146.77, 135.22, 125.26, 121.71, 118.63, 63.35, 59.00, 53.99, 49.33, 39.92, 34.10, 33.98, 29.21, 28.46, 28.12, 25.59, 25.46, 25.39, 23.16, 8.62. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₈H₄₃N₄O₃S⁺ 515.31, found 515.26 [M+H]⁺.

Example 81 was synthesized using a similar method to that for Example 80.

(S)—N—((S)-1-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (dd, J=7.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.49 (dd, J=15.1, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.24-3.14 (m, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.31-2.23 (m, 3H), 1.99-1.83 (m, 3H), 1.65-1.49 (m, 3H), 1.36-1.10 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.61, 170.95, 167.09, 150.92, 146.58, 135.24, 125.13, 121.56, 118.51, 61.34, 54.45, 52.81, 38.24, 35.24, 34.08, 29.67, 28.63, 28.47, 26.01, 25.84, 25.80, 23.15, 8.81. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₄H₃₆N₃O₃S⁺ 446.25, found 446.27 [M+H]⁺.

Example 82

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (dd, J=8.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (dd, J=14.0, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (dd, J=14.0, 10.1 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (s, 2H), 4.16-4.12 (m, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J=15.5, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.41-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.23 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.55-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.37-0.94 (m, 15H).

Example 83

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.89 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.84-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.73-4.55 (m, 3H), 4.51-4.46 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=15.3, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.87-1.65 (m, 5H), 1.54-1.43 (m, 1H), 1.40-0.86 (m, 15H).

Example 84

¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.96 (s, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.98 (dd, J=7.6, 6.3 Hz, 1H), 3.94-3.89 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.46 (dd, J=15.3, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.5, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.28 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.74-1.63 (m, 5H), 1.57-1.49 (m, 1H), 1.37-0.96 (m, 14H).

Example 85

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.78-7.72 (m, 1H), 7.58 (dd, J=8.2, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.2, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.93-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.06-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.73 (m, 4H), 3.70-3.44 (m, 7H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.01 (m, 3H), 2.37-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.42-0.96 (m, 15H).

14. Synthesis of Examples 86-91

These compounds were synthesized using the similar methods as for Examples 56 & 58.

Example 86

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.02 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.14 (m, 5H), 4.84-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.46-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=15.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.43 (dd, J=15.4, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=13.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.9, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.98-2.79 (m, 2H), 2.24 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.05 (s), 171.66 (s), 168.80 (s), 151.27 (s), 136.79 (s), 136.46 (s), 130.93 (s), 128.79 (s), 128.31 (s), 126.65 (d, J=13.1 Hz), 122.76 (s), 121.21 (s), 52.76 (s), 49.42 (s), 42.95 (s), 37.43 (s), 34.72 (s), 28.50 (s), 8.59 (s).

Example 87

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.00 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.15 (m, 5H), 4.72-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.40 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.1, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.9, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (dd, J=14.0, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (dd, J=14.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.20, 171.97, 168.09, 151.34, 136.70, 136.54, 130.91, 128.73, 128.26, 126.68, 126.57, 123.00, 121.18, 53.29, 49.04, 43.17, 37.57, 34.92, 28.35, 8.56.

Example 88

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.01 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.18 (m, 5H), 4.83 (dd, J=8.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.44-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J=15.4, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=15.4, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=13.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.24 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 89

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.07 (m, 5H), 4.66 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.37 (m, 1H), 3.26 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.16 (dd, J=13.0, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J-13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.97 (dd, J=12.7, 10.7 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (dd, J=14.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.72 (dd, J=14.0, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.24 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.31 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 90

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.09 (m, 5H), 4.68 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.44-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.17 (dd, J=13.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (dd, J=12.8, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 2.85 (dd, J=14.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (dd, J=14.0, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.07 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 91

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.83 (m, 2H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.17 (m, 5H), 4.81 (dd, J=7.6, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.49-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.58 (dd, J=15.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=15.2, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.12-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.94-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.24 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 92

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.02 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.32-7.15 (m, 5H), 4.83-4.78 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.22 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.55-3.40 (m, 8H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.7, 9.6 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (ddd, J=22.4, 14.0, 7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 93

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.34-7.10 (m, 5H), 4.80 (dd, J=8.6, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.43-4.21 (m, 1H), 4.05 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 3.80 (t, J=12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.59-3.36 (m, 6H), 3.23-3.00 (m, 4H), 2.86-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.70 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.28 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 94

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.4, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.28-7.17 (m, 5H), 4.80 (dd, J=8.5, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.21 (m, 1H), 4.04 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (t, J=11.9 Hz, 2H), 3.60-3.37 (m, 6H), 3.24-2.95 (m, 4H), 2.80 (ddd, J=22.2, 13.9, 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.69 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.27 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 95

¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.84-4.77 (m, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=15.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (dd, J=13.8, 8.0 Hz, 3H), 3.17-2.99 (m, 3H), 2.52 (dt, J=13.7, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 1.40-1.27 (m, 6H), 1.16-0.99 (m, 6H).

Example 96

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.41 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (dd, J=7.8, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (dd, J=15.1, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.47 (m, 3H), 3.17-2.97 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.59 (m, 1H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 0.95-0.73 (m, 4H).

Example 97

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.95-4.91 (m, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=15.1, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.40 (m, 3H), 3.18-2.98 (m, 3H), 2.51-2.39 (m, 1H), 1.63-1.24 (m, 8H), 1.20-0.92 (m, 5H), 0.84 (dd, J=17.8, 5.9 Hz, 2H), 0.62 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

Example 98

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.81 (dd, J=8.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (dd, J=15.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 3H), 3.11-3.04 (m, 3H), 2.51-2.46 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.44 (m, 2H), 1.33 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.20-1.10 (m, 1H), 1.05 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (dd, J=17.9, 6.1 Hz, 6H).

15. Synthesis of Examples 99-107.

Example 100 and its analogs were made according to the above synthetic route.

Example 99

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.21 (m, 3H), 4.64 (dd, J=8.0, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.26 (m, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J=15.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.28-3.22 (m, 2H), 3.16 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=12.9, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.90 (dd, J=7.4, 3.4 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 2.23 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (dd, J=6.8, 2.0 Hz, 6H), 1.09 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 100

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.54-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.27-7.19 (m, 5H), 4.69 (dd, J=7.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.51-4.30 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=15.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=15.1, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.12-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=7.4, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.26 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 101

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.50-7.37 (m, 5H), 7.34-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.17 (m, 3H), 4.70 (dd, J=7.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.33 (m, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=15.1, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.09 (dd, J=12.9, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=7.4, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.26 (dt, J=15.0, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 102

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.54-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 3H), 4.69 (dd, J=7.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=15.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=15.1, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dd, J=12.9, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=7.4, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.25 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 103

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.54-7.40 (m, 3H), 7.39-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.28-7.15 (m, 3H), 4.70 (dd, J=7.8, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.42-4.39 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=15.1, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dd, J=15.8, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 2.98-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.26 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 104

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.59-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.48-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.19 (m, 5H), 4.59 (dd, J=8.5, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.49-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.09 (m, 3H), 3.00 (dd, J=12.9, 10.6 Hz, 1H), 2.92 (dd, J=13.9, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J=13.9, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.34-2.16 (m, 5H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 105

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.92-7.78 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.28 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.18 (m, 3H), 4.71 (dd, J=8.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.41-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.46 (dd, J=15.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.31-3.25 (m, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.1, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.11-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.25 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 106

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.47-8.26 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.56 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.25 (dd, J=7.5, 4.2 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (dd, J=8.1, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=15.2, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.32-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=13.0, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.13-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=7.4, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 2.26 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.10 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

6-235: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.28 (m, 2H), 4.95 (dd, J=12.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (br., 3H), 4.00-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.65 (dd, J=15.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.26 (m, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.33 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 5H), 1.59-1.44 (m, 1H), 1.42-0.78 (m, 8H).

Example 107

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.52-7.33 (m, 4H), 4.82-4.81 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.58 (m, 2H), 3.51 (dd, J=15.0, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.38-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.29 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.81-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.31-0.98 (m, 8H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.58, 170.92, 164.54, 147.55, 134.34, 133.56, 130.71, 130.08, 128.54, 127.77, 127.24, 61.30, 56.07, 53.03, 38.27, 34.52, 29.68, 28.64, 28.51, 26.04, 25.85, 14.43, 8.88.

16. Synthesis of Example 108.

Example 108 and analogs were synthesized using the synthetic routes as shown above.

Example 108

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.89 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.84 (m, 3H), 7.35-7.16 (m, 5H), 4.70 (dd, J=8.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.42-4.35 (m, 1H), 3.24-2.99 (m, 4H), 2.91 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.22 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.05 (td, J=7.5, 0.6 Hz, 3H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.06, 171.65, 139.36, 136.91, 136.30, 132.72, 128.84, 128.27, 126.54, 126.31, 124.21, 113.31, 112.91, 52.51, 49.47, 42.73, 37.41, 28.35, 27.52, 8.50.

17. Synthesis of Example 109-119.

These compounds were synthesized shown in the above synthetic route.

7-67:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 7.39-7.21 (m, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.56-4.48 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=12.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J=12.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (qd, J=15.2, 6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.22 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (dd, J=6.9, 0.6 Hz, 6H), 1.12 (td, J=7.5, 0.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.87, 165.96, 151.47, 146.41, 135.29, 125.37, 122.34, 118.72, 52.97, 48.64, 35.14, 34.20, 29.66, 24.18, 9.65.

7-67 Product:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.45 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.93 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.87 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.34 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.10 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.79 (m, 2H), 0.89 (d, J-6.7 Hz, 6H), 0.71 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.22, 166.99, 151.33, 146.16, 135.38, 125.20, 122.15, 118.66, 50.97, 44.26, 35.82, 34.14, 29.69, 24.16, 9.83.

Example 109

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.70-4.54 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.14 (dd, J=12.9, 10.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 110

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.61-4.50 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=13.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.43-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.23 (dd, J=14.9, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.22-2.12 (m, 3H), 1.81-1.74 (m, 6H), 1.65-1.59 (m, 3H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.05 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 111

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.63-4.49 (m, 1H), 3.56 (dd, J=13.6, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.40-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.23 (dd, J=14.9, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.36-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.10 (m, 5H), 2.07-1.99 (m, 3H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.05 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 112

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.51 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.58 (dd, J=13.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.25 (dd, J=14.9, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.19 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.83-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 113

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.66-4.53 (m, 1H), 3.59 (dd, J=13.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.26 (dd, J=14.9, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.75-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.44-2.36 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.11 (m, 4H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 114

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.52 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=13.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.43-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.24 (dd, J=14.9, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.23-2.16 (m, 4H), 2.02-1.86 (m, 6H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.05 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 115

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.4, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.49 (m, 1H), 3.54 (dd, J=13.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.43-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.24 (dd, J=14.8, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.17 (ddd, J=20.6, 15.4, 7.9 Hz, 4H), 1.90-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.67 (m, 8H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 116

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.52 (m, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=13.6, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.24 (dd, J=14.9, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.25-2.10 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.58 (m, 10H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 117

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (s, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.67-4.61 (m, 1H), 3.57 (dd, J=13.5, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (dd, J=14.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.18 (m, 2H), 3.13-2.99 (m, 3H), 2.20 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.09-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.59-1.47 (m, 8H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.06 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 118

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.85 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.54-4.47 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.35 (m, 3H), 3.23 (dd, J=14.9, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.10-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.16 (m, 3H), 1.98-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.58 (m, 3H), 1.32 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.05 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Example 119

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.02 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.7, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.58-4.44 (m, 1H), 3.61 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (dd, J=13.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.44-3.40 (m, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=15.0, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.16 (m, 3H), 1.790-1.65 (m, 6H), 1.40-1.31 (m, 3H), 1.05 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

18. Synthesis of Examples 120 &121.

Examples 120 & 121 were synthesized as shown in the following schemes.

6-232:

¹HNMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 3.58 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 1H), 3.34-3.31 (m, 2H), 3.05 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.92-1.67 (m, 6H), 1.65-0.99 (m, 20H).

Example 120

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.86 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (dd, J=7.6, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=15.1, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=15.7, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.18 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.07 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.37-2.21 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.47 (m, 10H), 1.40-0.96 (m, 15H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.80, 171.82, 171.11, 166.97, 146.65, 135.25, 125.15, 121.63, 118.56, 58.61, 52.78, 39.93, 39.21, 38.32, 34.76, 34.09, 29.40, 28.57, 28.28, 26.63, 25.68, 23.16, 23.11, 8.78.

6-233:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 4.33-2.90 (m, 13H), 2.11-1.54 (m, 6H), 1.47-0.90 (m, 5H).

Example 121

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.4, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.97-4.92 (m, 1H), 4.17-3.94 (m, 3H), 3.91-3.35 (m, 10H), 3.31-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.23-2.99 (m, 3H), 2.30 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.84-1.55 (m, 6H), 1.34-1.00 (m, 13H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.98, 173.34, 172.08, 166.94, 150.94, 146.76, 135.25, 125.26, 121.62, 118.64, 63.68, 59.51, 56.76, 52.92, 52.28, 39.30, 34.63, 34.09, 33.51, 29.23, 28.57, 28.52, 25.65, 25.61, 23.15, 8.76.

19. Synthesis of Examples 122-125.

tert-butyl (R)-(2-azido-1-cyclohexylethyl)carbamate, 6-64D

6-64D was made by referring a reported method. ³ MsCl (710 mg, 6.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) was added dropwise to a solution of N-Boc-D-cyclohexylglycinol (1.00 g, 4.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) and Et₃N (1.7 mL, 12.3 mmol, 3 equiv.) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred 3 h at 0° C. and diluted with CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was washed with sat. aq NaHCO₃ (2×20 mL), 1M HCl, and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO4) and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in DMF and NaN₃ (802 mg, 12.3 mmol, 3 equiv.) was added. This reaction mixture was stirred at 60° C. for overnight and cooled to room temperature. EtOAc and H₂O were added to this mixture and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with H₂O and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography this gave 6-64D (617 mg, 56% over two steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.60 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.29 (m, 3H), 1.79-1.65 (m, 5H), 1.54-1.36 (m, 11H), 1.33-0.86 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 155.57, 79.48, 54.82, 52.72, 39.31, 29.77, 28.86, 28.36, 28.29, 26.16, 25.97, 25.96. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₁₃H₂₅N₄₀₂ ⁺269.20, found [M+H]⁺.

Example 122. (R)—N—((R)-2-amino-1-cyclohexylethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 122 was prepared from 6-64D and 6-84 in 51% yield over 5 steps by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 56. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.97 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.91 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.87 (m, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=15.3, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (dd, J=15.2, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J=12.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (dt, J=13.8, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.31 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.76-1.61 (m, 5H), 1.55-1.47 (m, 1H), 1.34-0.90 (m, 14H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.09, 171.87, 167.03, 150.95, 146.77, 135.15, 125.30, 121.31, 118.66, 52.97, 52.48, 41.77, 39.59, 34.49, 34.08, 29.40, 28.56, 28.24, 25.70, 25.49, 25.43, 23.14, 8.70. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₂₄H₃₇N₄O₂S⁺ 445.26, found 445.41 [M+H]⁺.

Example 123

Example 123. (R)—N—((R)-1-cyclohexyl-2-(3-morpholinopropanamido)ethyl)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamide

Example 123 was prepared from Example 122 in 83% yield by a similar procedure as that for compound Example 58. H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.87-4.82 (m, 1H), 4.08-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.87-3.76 (m, 3H), 3.64 (dd, J=15.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.56-3.37 (m, 6H), 3.20-3.03 (m, 4H), 2.69 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.72-1.60 (m, 5H), 1.38-0.87 (m, 16H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 176.01, 171.60, 170.52, 167.11, 151.01, 146.74, 135.17, 125.28, 121.57, 118.63, 63.61, 54.19, 53.25, 53.20, 51.89, 40.80, 39.67, 34.78, 34.09, 29.55, 28.72, 28.47, 28.38, 25.86, 25.65, 25.58, 23.15, 8.73. UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₁H₄₈N₅O₄S⁺ 586.34, found 586.28 [M+H]⁺.

Example 124 was synthesized using a similar method as that for Example 123.

Example 124

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (dd, J=7.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=15.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.58-3.42 (m, 4H), 3.15-3.02 (m, 2H), 3.00-2.79 (m, 5H), 2.47-2.36 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.07-1.83 (m, 4H), 1.71-1.62 (m, 5H), 1.39-0.92 (m, 15H). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, MeOD) δ 175.91, 174.22, 171.37, 167.17, 151.01, 146.72, 135.23, 125.25, 121.60, 118.64, 54.34, 53.47, 53.03, 42.51, 40.67, 39.79, 39.28, 34.96, 34.08, 29.53, 28.66, 28.33, 26.21, 26.11, 25.89, 25.71, 25.65, 23.17, 23.15, 8.69.

Example 125

¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99-4.94 (s, 1H), 4.11-4.07 (m, 2H), 3.84-3.80 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.38 (m, 7H), 3.23-2.93 (m, 4H), 2.58-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.12-1.99 (m, 6H), 1.80-1.63 (m, 7H), 1.44-0.98 (m, 15H).

20. Synthesis of Fluorescein—Labeled or Biotin-Labeled DCN1 Inhibitors Examples 126 & 127.

1-(2-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide, 7-27

A suspension of Example 62 (120 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1 equiv.), T-Boc-n-amido-peg4-tos (126 mg, 0.28 mmol, 1.3 equiv.), K₂CO₃ (89 mg, 0.65 mmol, 3 equiv.) and Tetrabutylammonium iodide (8.0 mg, 0.02 mmol, 0.1 equiv.) in DMF (10 mL) was stirred at 60° C. for overnight. The reaction was cooled and diluted with EtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1.0 M HCl, brine and dried over sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under vacuum, the residue was treated with TFA (2 ml) in DCM (10 mL) and stirred for 5 h. This reaction mixture was concentrated and purified by HPLC to afford DI-78liner2 (7-27) (103 mg, 65%). DI-78liner 2 (7-27): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.87 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.42 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (dd, J=8.9, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.85-3.60 (m, 16H), 3.57-3.36 (m, 4H), 3.28-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.05 (m, 4H), 2.53-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.08-1.86 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.56 (m, 5H), 1.50-0.86 (m, 15H). UPLC-MS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₈H₆₃N₆O₆S⁺ 366.23 found 366.36[M+H]²⁺.

HRMS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₃₈H₆₃N₆O₆S⁺ 731.4524, found 731.4515 [M+H]⁺.

Example 126

N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)-1-(13-oxo-17-((3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno [3,4-d] imidazol-4-yl)-3,6,9-trioxa-12-azaheptadecyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide

To a solution of 1-(2-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (30 mg, 0.04 mmol, 1 equiv.) and (+)-Biotin N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (21 mg, 0.06 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in DCM (5 mL) was added DIEA (21 μL, 0.12 mmol, 3 equiv.). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to get Example 126 (25 mg, 64%). DI-781: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.18-5.11 (m, 1H), 4.51 (dd, J=7.8, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (dd, J=7.8, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.79 (m, 3H), 3.71-3.59 (m, 10H), 3.56-3.36 (m, 10H), 3.26-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.00-2.89 (m, 2H), 2.72 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.48-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.23 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.07-1.93 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.55 (m, 9H), 1.48-0.90 (m, 17H). HRMS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₄₈H₇₇N₈O₈S₂ ⁺ 957.5300, found 957.5298 [M+H]⁺.

Example 127

N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)-1-(1-(3′,6′-dihydroxy-3-oxo-3H-spiro [isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthen]-5-yl)-1-oxo-5,8,11-trioxa-2-azatridecan-13-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide, DI-782fluorescein

To a solution of 1-(2-(2-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-N—((S)-2-cyclohexyl-2-((S)-3-(6-isopropylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-propionamidopropanamido)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (30 mg, 0.04 mmol, 1 equiv.) and 5-Carboxyfluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (29 mg, 0.06 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in DCM (5 mL) was added DIEA (21 μL, 0.12 mmol, 3 equiv.). The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated. The residue was purified by HPLC to get Example 127 (22 mg, 49%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 8.23 (dd, J=8.0, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.5, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (dd, J=8.7, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.85-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.56 (m, 18H), 3.51-3.38 (m, 4H), 3.19-2.77 (m, 4H), 2.48-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.30 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.13-1.87 (m, 4H), 1.68-1.59 (m, 5H), 1.40-0.88 (m, 15H). HRMS (ESI-MS) m/z: calculated for C₅₉H₇₃N₆O₁₂S⁺ 1089.5002, found 1089.4994 [M+H]⁺.

To further demonstrate the activity of a DCN1 inhibitor of the present invention, compound Example 58 subjected to further tests and investigations.

A key function of cullin neddylation is to control E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the cullin complex, which in turn regulates protein turnover in cells. DI-591 (Example 58) was evaluated for its effect on neddylation of 5 different cullins in the THLE2 liver cell line with the data shown in FIG. 1. Immortalized THLE2 liver cell line was treated by a dose-range of DCN1 inhibitor DI-591 or a dose-range of MLN4924 for 24 h. The protein levels of neddylated- and un-neddylated-cullin family proteins and several well-known substrates of cullins were examined by western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Consistent with its pan-inhibitory activity on all cullins and data from a previous report (18), MLN4924 induces accumulation of cullin 3 substrate uclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) (32-34), as well as Cyclin E, BimEL, BIML, and BIMS, which are substrates of Cul-1, and CDT1 (35), which is a substrate of Cul-4A. In contrast, DI-591 (Example 58) selectively increased the abundance of NRF2 in a dose-dependent manner and has no or minimal effect on Cyclin E, BimEL, and CDT1 (FIG. 1). Significantly, negative control DI-591-DD (Example 123) had no effect on the substrates of cullins. Immunohistochemical data confirmed the increased NRF2 protein by Example 58 in liver cells.

DI-591 (Example 58) was further compared to MLN4924 for their ability to inhibit neddylation of cullin 1 and cullin 3 in the THLE2 liver cell line with the data shown in FIG. 2. THLE2 liver cell line was treated by DI-591 at 10 μM or MLN4924 at 0.3 μM for 5 minutes (5m), 30 minutes (30 m), 2 hours (2h) and 24 hours (24h). The data showed that DI-591 rapidly inhibits the neddylation of cullin 3 and has little effect on the neddylation of cullin 1. In comparison, MLN4924 inhibits the neddylation of both cullin 1 and 3.

NRF2 is a transcriptional factor and a master regulator of antioxidant responses, regulating numerous detoxifying and antioxidant genes, such as the phase II detoxification enzymes heme oxygenase (HO1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQ01) (36). DI-591 (Example 58) was compared to dimethyl fumarate (DMF) for their effect on NRF2 and NQ01 protein levels in the THLE2 liver cell line with DI-591DD included as a control with the data shown in FIG. 3. THLE2 liver cell line was treated by DI-591 at 10 μM, DI-591DD at 10 μM or DMF at 10 μM for different time points. The data showed that DI-591 and dimethyl fumarate, but not DI-591DD, stimulate the accumulation of NRF2 and NQ01 in liver cells.

qRT-PCR analysis showed that DI-591 (Example 58) and Example 123 have no effect on the mRNA level of NRF2 (FIG. 4), suggesting that the increase of NRF2 protein by Example 58 (DI-591) is not due to the adaptive response of cells to oxidative stress (37). Example 58, but not Example 123, clearly increases the mRNA levels of NQ01 and HO1 (FIG. 4).

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Competitive FP Binding Assay

The Fluorescence Polarization (FP) competitive binding assays were performed to accurately determine the binding affinities of our DCN1 inhibitors. A novel FAM labeled fluorescent probe compound (46) was designed and synthesized based on one of our potent small molecule DCN1 inhibitors. Equilibrium dissociation constants (K_(d)) values of 46 to both DCN1 and DCN2 proteins were determined from protein saturation experiments by monitoring the total FP values of mixtures composed with the fluorescent probe at a fixed concentration and proteins with increasing concentrations up to full saturation. Serial dilutions of proteins were mixed with 46 to a final volume of 200 μl in the assay buffer (100 mM phosphate buffer, pH=6.5, with 0.02% Tween-20 and 2% DMSO). Final probe concentration was 5 nM for both assays. Plates were incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle shaking to assure equilibrium. FP values in millipolarization units (mP) were measured using the Infinite M-1000 plate reader (Tecan U.S., Research Triangle Park, N.C.) in Microfluor 1 96-well, black, round-bottom plates (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass.) at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 530 nm. K_(d) values of 46 were calculated by fitting the sigmoidal dose-dependent FP increases as a function of protein concentrations using Graphpad Prism 6.0 software (Graphpad Software, San Diego, Calif.).

Cloning and Purification of DCN Proteins

Human DCN1 (residues 58-259) were cloned into a pDEST17 plasmid containing an N-terminal His₆ tag. DCN2 (residues 62-259), DCN3 (residues 86-304), DCN4 (residues 102-292) and DCN5 (residues 47-237) were cloned into an N-terminal His₆-TEV expression vector. Pure proteins were derived from the same expression and purification protocols. Plasmids were transformed into Rosetta2 cells, the cells were grown in Terrific Broth at 37° C. to an O.D.₆₀₀>1.0 and induced with 0.4 mM Isopropyl (3-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside overnight at 20° C. The pelleted cells were resuspended in lysis buffer containing 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl and protease inhibitors, sonicated and centrifuged at 34,000×g for 45 minutes to remove debris. Cleared lysate was incubated with Ni-NTA resin (Qiagen) prewashed with lysis buffer, for 1 hr at 4° C. The matrix was loaded into a column then washed with 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl and 10 mM imidazole. Protein was eluted with 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl and 300 mM imidazole, concentrated and applied to a Superdex 75 (GE Healthcare) column pre-equilibrated with 25 mM Tris pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl and 1 mM DTT. For DCN2-5, the N-terminal His₆ tag was removed prior to gel filtration. Tag removal was achieved through incubation with TEV protease during overnight dialysis against 25 mM Tris pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl and 1 mM DTT and a second Ni-NTA column. DCN2-5 proteins were stored at −80° C. in 1 mg/mL fractions containing 5% glycerol. The uncleaved DCN1 protein was stored at −80° C. without glycerol.

Cell Lines and Culture Conditions.

Immortalized liver THLE2 (ATCC® CRL-2706™) cell lines was purchased from the ATCC (Rockville, Md.). The cell line was maintained in BEGM Bronchial Epithelial Cell Growth Medium from Lonza/Clonetics Corporation (CC3170, Walkersville, Md.) supplemented with 10% FBS and pen-strep at 37° C. in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂. Esophageal cancer KYSE140 cell line (ACC 348) was purchased from DSMZ (Braunschweig, Germany). The cell line was maintained RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and pen-strep at 37° C. in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂.

Western Blotting Analysis and Antibodies

Treated cells were lysed by RIPA buffer supplemented with protease inhibitor. The expression level of indicated proteins was examined by western blotting analysis. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Antibodies were purchased: Cullin 1 (sc-11384), Cullin2 (sc-10781), Cullin5 (sc-13014) and Cullin7 (sc-134565) from Santa Cruz Biotech. (Santa Cruz, Calif.); Cullin 4A (PA5-14542), Cullin 4B (PA5-35239), Cullin9 (PA5-20277), DCN2 (DCUN1D2, PA5-31607) and DCN3 (DCUN1D3, PA5-44000) from ThermoFisher Scientific (Wayne, Mich.); Cullin 3 (2759), NRF2 (12721), HO-1 (70081), NQ01 (3187), Cyclin E (4129), Bim (2819), Keap1 (8047) and UBC12 (4913) from Cell Signaling Technology (Boston, Mass.); DCN1 (GWB-E3D700) from GenWay Biotech (San Diego, Calif.). Results are representative of three independent experiments.

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1. A compound having a structural formula (I)

wherein Q is C═O, C═S or SO₂; Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a polycyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes; A is CHR₈CH₂R₉, COR₁₃, CHR₈CONR₁₄R₁₅, CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₄R₁₅ or CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₆CHR₁₈CONR₁₄R₁₅; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylmethylene, substituted cycloalkyl, NR₃R₄, and OR₅; R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl substituted cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄; R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclyl, alkaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, acyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S; R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclyl, alkaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, lower acyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl; R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, S(O)_(x), or NR₅; R₈ is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkynyl, alkyl-cycloalkyl. alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, bicycloalkyl and alkyl-bicycloalkyl; R₉ is NR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅CONR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅COR₁₂, NR₅SO₂R₁₂, OR₁₂, or S(O)_(x)R₁₂, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, allyl, propargyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-cycloalkyl. alkyl-cycloalkenyl, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, alkylheteroaryl, acyl, acyl-cycloalkyl, acyl-heterocyclo, acyl-heterocyclo-heterocyclo, acyl-aryl, acyl-aryl-heterocyclyl, acyl-heterocyclo-aryl. acyl-heteroaryl, acyl-heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, acyl-heterocyclo-heteroaryl, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are taken with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally including any chemically stable combination of up to two of O, C═O NR₅ and S(O)_(x); R₁₃ is alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-cycloalkyl, alkyl-cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-heterocyclo, aryl, alkylaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkenylaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, with these groups optionally substituted with up to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylS(O)_(x), aminoacyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, sulfonamido, heterocyclo(carbonyl), aryl, aroyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaroyl; R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo, alkyl-heterocyclo, aminoalkyl, alkylamino-alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, heteroaryl, alkyl-heteroaryl, alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, heterocyclo-heterocyclyl, heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x); R₁₆ is H or alkyl: R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids, alkylidenyl-NR₃R₄, or an R₁₆ may be taken in conjunction with either R₁₇ or R₁₈ to form a proline, or 3-hydroxyproline residue. x is 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1

wherein; Q is C(═O); Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes; A is CHR₈CH₂R₉, COR₁₃, CHR₈CONR₁₄R₁₅, CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₄R₁₅ or CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₆CHR₁₈CONR₁₄R₁₅; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl; R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄; R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S; R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl; R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅; R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl and C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl; R₉ is NR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅CONR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅COR₁₂, NR₅SO₂R₁₂, OR₁₂, or S(O)_(x)R₁₂, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C-₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ acyl-aryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are taken with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally including any chemically stable combination of up to three of O, C═O NR₅ and S(O)_(x); R₁₃ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenylaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenylheteroaryl, with these groups optionally substituted with up to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylS(O)_(x), C₁₋₆ aminoacyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, sulfonamido, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo(carbonyl), aryl, aroyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaroyl; R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₂ alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x); R₁₆ is H or C₁₋₆ alkyl: R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids, C₁₋₆ alkylidenyl-NR₃R₄, or an R₁₆ may be taken in conjunction with either R₁₇ or R₁₈ to form a proline, or 3-hydroxyproline residue. x is 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
 3. The compound of claim 1

wherein; Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes; A is CHR₈CH₂R₉; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl; R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄; R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S; R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl; R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═O, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅; R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₅-10 bicycloalkyl and C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl; R₉ is NR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅CONR₁₀R₁₁, NR₅COR₁₂, NR₅SO₂R₁₂, OR₁₂, or S(O)_(x)R₁₂, R₁₀, R₁₁, and R₁₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C-₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ acyl-aryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl-heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ acyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ are taken with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally including any chemically stable combination of up to three of O, C═O NR₅ and S(O)_(x); x is 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
 4. The compound of claim 1

wherein; Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes; A is COR₁₃; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl; R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄; R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, ₃-6 cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S; R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl; R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═O, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅; R₁₃ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenylaryl, C₂₋₄ alkenylheteroaryl, with these groups optionally substituted with up to five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, hydroxymethyl, aminomethyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₁₋₆ alkylS(O)_(x), C₁₋₆ aminoacyl, C₁₋₆ alkylaminosulfonyl, sulfonamido, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo(carbonyl), aryl, aroyl, heteroaryl, and heteroaroyl; x is 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 1

wherein; Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes; A is CHR₈CONR₁₄R₁₅; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl; R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄; R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S; R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl; R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═O, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅; R₈ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkylaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl and C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₅₋₁₀ bicycloalkyl; R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₂ alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x); x is 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
 6. The compound of claim 1

wherein; Ar₁ is a five or six-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring or a bicyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic ring having 8-12 atoms, including up to four heteroatoms chosen from N, O and S, in a chemically stable arrangement, optionally substituted with up to four R₂ substitutes; A is CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₄R₁₅ or CHR₈CONR₁₆CHR₁₇CONR₁₆CHR₁₈CONR₁₄R₁₅; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylmethylene, NHMe, N(Me)₂, NHEt, NH-cyclopropyl, OMe, OEt, O-cyclopropyl; R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, N₃, CF₃, NO₂, H, C₁₋₆ alkyl, substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₂₋₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkenyl, C₂₋₆ alkynyl, substituted C₂₋₆ alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, substituted C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl substituted C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, monocyclic heteroaryl, substituted monocyclic heteroaryl, OR₅, NR₃R₄, COOR₅, CONR₃R₄; R₃ and R₄, independently, are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, or are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a ring of four to seven members, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR⁵ and S; R₅ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, allyl, propargyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ acyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkylcarbonyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclylcarbonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, each optionally substituted with up to three substituents independently selected from halo, hydroxy, oxo, thio, thiono, amino, cyano, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₆ alkylthio, C₁₋₆ alkylamino, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, aryl, and heteroaryl; R₆ and R₇, independently, are hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together to form ═0, ═S, or R₆ and R₇ are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a three to six membered ring, optionally including any chemically stable combination of one to three of O, C═O, S(O)_(x) or NR₅; R₁₄ and R₁₅, independently, are selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclo, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-C₄₋₆ cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₆ aminoalkyl, C₁₋₆ alkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ dialkylamino-C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, C₁₋₆ alkaryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆ alkyl-heteroaryl, C₁₋₂ alkyl-di(hetero)aryl, bicycloaryl, partially saturated bicycloaryl, bicyclohetoroaryl, partially saturated bicycloheteroaryl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-aryl, aryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, C₄₋₆ heterocyclo-heteroaryl heteroaryl-C₄₋₆ heterocyclyl, or R₁₄ and R₁₅ are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring of four to seven atoms, optionally containing any chemically stable combination of one to three O, C═O, NR₅, and S(O)_(x); R₁₆ and R′₁₆ is independently selected from H or C₁₋₆ alkyl: R₁₇ and R₁₈ are independently the side chains of the naturally occurring amino acids, C₁₋₆ alkylidenyl-NR₃R₄, or an R₁₆ may be taken in conjunction either with R₁₇ or R₁₈ to form a proline, or 3-hydroxyproline residue. x is 0, 1, or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, or solvate thereof.
 7. The compound of claim 2 wherein Ar₁ is selected from the group consisting of


8. The compound of claim 7 wherein Ar₁ is selected from the group consisting of 2-benzothienyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-benzoxazolyl, 2-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl or 4-methyl-5-(3-halophenyl)thiazol-2-yl, wherein there are one or two R₂ substituents on the B-ring of the bicycle, selected from the group chloro, bromo methyl, CF₃, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl.
 9. The compound of claim 2 wherein R₁ is selected from the group consisting of


10. The compound of claim 9 wherein R₁ is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, methylamino and methoxy.
 11. The compound of claim 1 wherein R₈ is selected from the group consisting of


12. The compound of claim 11 wherein R₈ is selected from the group consisting of [S]-butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridylmethylene, and trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexylmethylenyl.
 13. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₉ is selected from the group consisting of


14. The compound of claim 13 wherein R₉ is the group consisting of amino, dimethylamino, 2-(morpholin-1-yl)acetamido, 3-(morpholin-1-yl)propanamido, 4-(morpholin-1-yl)butanamido, 3-(morpholin-1-yl)iso-butanamido, piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N′-piperidin-4-ylureido, N-(oxetan-3-yl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, isonicotinoylamino and pyrimid-4ylcarboxamido.
 15. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of


16. The compound of claim 6 wherein R₁₄ and R₁₅ are selected independently from the group consisting of H and


17. The compound of claim 16 wherein one of R₁₄ and R₁₅ is H, and the other is selected from tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl, 3,4-dihydrobenzopyran-4-yl, leucinamido, diphenylmethyl, tetralin-4-yl, and 5- or 7-chlorotetrahydropyranyl.
 18. The compound of claim 3 wherein: Ar₁ is benzothiazol-2-yl, imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-2-yl, or 5-phenylthiazol-2-yl or (2-naphthyl); R₁ is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl or methylamino; wherein there are one or R₂ substituents on the B-ring of the bicycle, selected from the group chloro, bromo. methyl, CF₃, methyl ethyl isopropyl and cyclopropyl; R₆ and R₇ are taken together as ═O; R₈ is cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, [S]-2-butyl, benzyl, 3-tetrahydrofuranyl, cyclohexylmethyl; R₉ is hydroxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino, 1-morpholino, 2-(1-morpholino)ethoxy, 2-(1-morpholino)acetamido, 3-(1-morpholino)propanamido, 4-(1-morpholino)butanamido, piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(oxetan-3-yl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-prop-2-ylpiperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, N-(2-fluoroethyl)piperidin-4-ylcarboxamido, piperidin-4-ylureido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylureido, piperidin-4-ylsulfonamido, N-methylpiperidin-4-ylsulfonamido, azetindin-3-ylcarboxamido, (N-methylazetindin-3-yl)carboxamido, 1,2,4-triazol-3-ylcarboxamido, 5-hydroxymethyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylcarboxamido, 5-aminomethyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylcarboxamido, imadaz-4-ylcarboxamido, N-methylimadaz-4-ylcarboxamido, pyrid-4-ylcarboxamido, pyrimid-4-ylcarboxamido.
 19. (canceled)
 20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier vehicle.
 21. (canceled)
 22. A method of treating a disease or condition wherein inhibition of DCN1 provides a benefit comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 to an individual in need thereof.
 23. (canceled)
 24. The method of claim 22 wherein the disease is a metabolic disorder, an oxidative stress-related disease, a cardiovascular disease, a neurodegenerative disease, a viral infection, inflammation, acute lung injury, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a metabolic disorder, multiple sclerosis, inflammation, multiple myeloma, and an autoimmune disease.
 25. A method of blocking an interaction between DCN1 and a binding partner of DCN1 in cells by contacting the cells with a compound of claim
 1. 26.-30. (canceled)
 31. A method of treating a disease or condition wherein modulation of cullin 3 activity provides a benefit comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 to an individual in need thereof.
 32. A method of treating a disease or condition wherein modulation of NRF2 activity provides a benefit comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 to an individual in need thereof.
 33. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of 